1995 Neftegorsk earthquake
  | |
| UTC time | 1995-05-27 13:03:53 |
|---|---|
| ISC event | 106336 |
| USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
| Local date | 28 May 1995 |
| Local time | 1:04 a.m. local time |
| Magnitude | Ms(HRV) 7.1 [1] |
| Depth | 11.0 km (7 mi) [2] |
| Epicenter | 52°38′N 142°50′E / 52.63°N 142.83°E |
| Type | Strike-slip[3] |
| Areas affected | Sakhalin, Russian Far East |
| Total damage | $64.1–300 million [3] |
| Max. intensity | MMI IX (Violent)[2] |
| Casualties | 1,989 dead [3] 750 injured [3] |
The 1995 Neftegorsk earthquake occurred on 28 May at 1:04 local time[4] on northern Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East.[5] It was the most destructive earthquake known within the current territory of Russia,[6] with a magnitude of Ms7.1 and maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent)[7] that devastated the oil town of Neftegorsk, where 1,989 of its 3,977 citizens were killed, and another 750 injured.[8]
Geology[edit]
This quake was not only catastrophic, but was completely unexpected: earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 6 were not known to occur in the area of northern Sakhalin Island.[9] The earthquake generated 35 km (22 mi) of observable surface rupture (46 km (29 mi) including a branching fault), with an estimated average lateral displacement of about 4 m (13 ft), but up to 8 m (9 yd) in some places.[10] This compares to 14 km (8.7 mi) of slip estimated to have accumulated on the Sakhalin–Hokkaido fault in the last 4 million years.[11] The unusual strength of this quake and length of rupturing, and the low level of seismic activity beforehand, has been attributed to the accumulation of strain over a long period of time on a locked fault segment.[12]
The event was of great scientific interest (25 papers have been published[13]) because it occurred near a poorly-known tectonic plate boundary where the Okhotsk Plate (connected with the North American Plate) is colliding into the Amurian Plate (part of the Eurasian Plate),[14] and suggests the plate boundary is associated with a north–south striking seismic belt that runs the length of Sakhalin. More precisely, this earthquake occurred on the Upper Piltoun fault (also known as the Gyrgylan'i–Ossoy fault[15]), which branches off the main Sakhalin–Hokkaido fault that runs along the east side of the island.[16]
Impact[edit]
Ninety percent of fatalities were attributed to the collapse of 17 five-story residential buildings.[17] While Western media generally attributed the collapses to allegedly poor construction and shoddy materials of the Soviet era,[18] a geotechnical study faulted a failure to accommodate the possibility of soil liquefaction in an area that was considered "practically aseismic".[19]
While apartments collapsed, other town infrastructures including schools and offices did not, but were heavily damaged. Communication, water and electrical services were disrupted. Officials said environmental consequences were expected after an oil pipeline between Okha and Neftegorsk was damaged in multiple places. Railway tracks and bridges were also destroyed or badly damaged.[20] At Okha, balconies toppled from two buildings. Many homes were cracked and furniture damaged. Villages away from the town areas were also affected.[21]
The Belgian Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters' EM-DAT database places the total damage at $64.1 million, while the United States' National Geophysical Data Center assesses the damage at $300 million.[3]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ ISC-EB Event 106336 [IRIS] ANSS reports this as Mwb7.1.
- ^ a b ISC-EHB Event 106336 [IRIS].
- ^ a b c d e USGS (September 4, 2009), PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog, Version 2008_06.1, United States Geological Survey
- ^ Klyachko 2001, p. 1.
- ^ ANSS: Sakhalin 1995 .
- ^ Arefiev et al. 2000, p. 595.
- ^ ISC-EHB Event 106336 [IRIS]. The ANSS: Sakhalin 1995 . reviewed value on the Mwb scale is also 7.1. Some sources have reported the magnitude as Ms 7.6.
- ^ Earth Chronicles (2017) attributes the fatality numbers to the Russian Ministry of Emergencies. The ISC, without citing a source, says "[a]s many as 1,989 people killed" (ISC-EHB Event 106336 [IRIS].) Other sources attribute the "more than 2000" number to Japanese language sources.
- ^ Arefiev et al. 2000, pp. 595, 605.
- ^ Arefiev et al. 2000, p. 599.
- ^ Arefiev et al. 2000, p. 596.
- ^ Arefiev et al. 2000, p. 606.
- ^ ISC-EB Event 106336 [IRIS]
- ^ Arefiev et al. 2000, p. 595; Katsumata et al. 2004, pp. 117, 129.
- ^ Katsumata et al. 2004, p. 117
- ^ Arefiev et al. 2000, p. 596.
- ^ Klyachko 2001, p. 1. These buildings housed all but about 650 of the town's residents. Los Angeles Times 1995
- ^ Los Angeles Times 1995.
- ^ Klyachko 2001, p. 2.
- ^ "The Sakhalin Earthquake of May 27, 1995" (PDF). EERI Special Report. 1995. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ "Quake on Russian Island in Pacific Kills at Least 300". Associated Press. The New York Times. 29 May 1995. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
Sources[edit]
- ANSS, "Sakhalin 1995", Comprehensive Catalog, U.S. Geological Survey
- Arefiev, S.; Rogozhin, E.; Tatevossian, R.; Rivera, L.; Cisternas, A. (2000), "The Neftegorsk (Sakhalin Island) 1995 earthquake: a rare interplate event", Geophysical Journal International, 143 (3): 595–607, Bibcode:2000GeoJI.143..595A, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00234.x.
- Aref'ev, S. S.; Dorbath, K. (2001), "The 1995 Neftegorsk earthquake: Tomography of the source zone" (PDF), Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth, 37 (2): 141–150.
- "Earthquake in Neftegorsk on May 28, 1995", The Earth Chronicles of Life, May 29, 2017.
- International Seismological Centre, Event Bibliography, Thatcham, United Kingdom
- International Seismological Centre, ISC-EHB Bulletin, Thatcham, United Kingdom
- Johnson, M. S. (1998), "The Tale of the Tragedy of Neftegorsk", Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 13 (1): 67–72, doi:10.1017/S1049023X00033057, PMID 10187029, S2CID 24891242.
- Katsumata, K.; Kasahara, M.; Ichiyanagi, M.; Kikuchi, M.; Sen, R.; Kim, C.; Ivaschenko, A.; Tatevossian, R. (February 2004), "The 27 May 1995 Ms 7.6 Northern Sakhalin Earthquake: An Earthquake on an Uncertain Plate Boundary" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94 (1): 117–130, Bibcode:2004BuSSA..94..117K, doi:10.1785/0120020175.
- Klyachko, Mark A. (2001), "Geotechnical Lessons Learnt From Neftegorsk Earthquake", International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, 9, Paper No. 10.21.
- Efron, Sonni (May 29, 1995), "7.5 Quake Kills 300 on Russia's Sakhalin Island", Los Angeles Times.