User:سائغ/E6

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On 26 July 2012, a bill was introduced in the House of Lords to grant a statutory pardon to Turing for offences under section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, of which he was convicted on 31 March 1952.[1] Late in the year in a letter to The Daily Telegraph, the physicist Stephen Hawking and 10 other signatories including the Astronomer Royal Lord Rees, President of the Royal Society Sir Paul Nurse, Lady Trumpington (who worked for Turing during the war) and Lord Sharkey (the bill's sponsor) called on Prime Minister David Cameron to act on the pardon request.[2] The government indicated it would support the bill,[3][4][5] and it passed its third reading in the House of Lords in October.[6]

At the bill's second reading in the House of Commons on 29 November 2013, Conservative MP Christopher Chope objected to the bill, delaying its passage. The bill was due to return to the House of Commons on 28 February 2014,[7] but before the bill could be debated in the House of Commons,[8] the government elected to proceed under the royal prerogative of mercy. On 24 December 2013, Queen Elizabeth II signed a pardon for Turing's conviction for "gross indecency", with immediate effect.[9] Announcing the pardon, Lord Chancellor Chris Grayling said Turing deserved to be "remembered and recognised for his fantastic contribution to the war effort" and not for his later criminal conviction.[10][11] The Queen officially pronounced Turing pardoned in August 2014.[12] The Queen's action is only the fourth royal pardon granted since the conclusion of the Second World War.[13] Pardons are normally granted only when the person is technically innocent, and a request has been made by the family or other interested party; neither condition was met in regard to Turing's conviction.[14]

In September 2016, the government announced its intention to expand this retroactive exoneration to other men convicted of similar historical indecency offences, in what was described as an "Alan Turing law".[15][16] The Alan Turing law is now an informal term for the law in the United Kingdom, contained in the Policing and Crime Act 2017, which serves as an amnesty law to retroactively pardon men who were cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts. The law applies in England and Wales.[17]

Legacy[edit]

Main article: Legacy of Alan Turing
See also: List of things named after Alan Turing

Awards, honours, and tributes[edit]

The Alan Turing Building at the University of Manchester in 2008

Turing was appointed an officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1946.[18] He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1951.[19]

Turing has been honoured in various ways in Manchester, the city where he worked towards the end of his life. In 1994, a stretch of the A6010 road (the Manchester city intermediate ring road) was named "Alan Turing Way". A bridge carrying this road was widened, and carries the name Alan Turing Bridge. A statue of Turing was unveiled in Manchester on 23 June 2001 in Sackville Park, between the University of Manchester building on Whitworth Street and Canal Street. The memorial statue depicts the "father of computer science" sitting on a bench at a central position in the park. Turing is shown holding an apple. The cast bronze bench carries in relief the text 'Alan Mathison Turing 1912–1954', and the motto 'Founder of Computer Science' as it could appear if encoded by an Enigma machine: 'IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ'. However, the meaning of the coded message is disputed, as the 'u' in 'computer' matches up with the 'u' in 'ADXUO'. As a letter encoded by an enigma machine cannot appear as itself, the actual message behind the code is uncertain.[20]

Turing memorial statue plaque in Sackville Park, Manchester

A plaque at the statue's feet reads 'Father of computer science, mathematician, logician, wartime codebreaker, victim of prejudice'. There is also a Bertrand Russell quotation: "Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty—a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture." The sculptor buried his own old Amstrad computer under the plinth as a tribute to "the godfather of all modern computers".[21]

In 1999, Time magazine named Turing as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century and stated, "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine."[22]

A blue plaque was unveiled at King's College on the centenary of his birth on 23 June 2012 and is now installed at the college's Keynes Building on King's Parade.[23][24]

On 25 March 2021, the Bank of England publicly unveiled the design for a new £50 note, featuring Turing's portrait, before its official issue on 23 June, Turing's birthday. Turing was selected as the new face of the note in 2019 following a public nomination process.[25]

Centenary celebrations[edit]

Main article: Alan Turing Year

To mark the 100th anniversary of Turing's birth, the Turing Centenary Advisory Committee (TCAC) co-ordinated the Alan Turing Year in 2012, a year-long programme of events around the world honouring Turing's life and achievements. The TCAC, chaired by S. Barry Cooper with Turing's nephew Sir John Dermot Turing acting as Honorary President, worked with the University of Manchester faculty members and a broad spectrum of people from Cambridge University and Bletchley Park.

Steel sculpture controversy[edit]

In May 2020 it was reported by Gay Star News that a 12-foot (3.7 m) high steel sculpture, to honour Turing, designed by Sir Antony Gormley, was planned to be installed at King's College, Cambridge. Historic England, however, was quoted as saying that the abstract work of 19 steel slabs "... would be at odds with the existing character of the College. This would result in harm, of a less than substantial nature, to the significance of the listed buildings and landscape, and by extension the conservation area."[26]

  1. ^ "Bill". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 26 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
  2. ^ Pearse, Damian, "Alan Turing should be pardoned, argue Stephen Hawking and top scientists" Archived 4 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 13 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  3. ^ Watt, Nicholas (19 July 2013). "Enigma codebreaker Alan Turing to be given posthumous pardon". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  4. ^ Worth, Dan (30 October 2013). "Alan Turing pardon sails through House of Lords". V3. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  5. ^ "Alan Turing (Statutory Pardon) Bill". Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  6. ^ Roberts, Scott (2 December 2013). "Lib Dem MP John Leech disappointed at delay to Alan Turing pardon bill". Pink News. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  7. ^ Roberts, Scott (2 December 2013). "Lib Dem MP John Leech disappointed at delay to Alan Turing pardon bill". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  8. ^ "Alan Turing (Statutory Pardon) Bill". Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  9. ^ Swinford, Steven (23 December 2013). "Alan Turing granted Royal pardon by the Queen". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference turingindependent24dec2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Royal pardon for codebreaker Alan Turing". BBC News. 24 December 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  12. ^ "With Queen's Decree, Alan Turing Is Now Officially Pardoned". Advocate.com. 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  13. ^ Pardoned: Alan Turing, Computing patriarch. Time Magazine, vol. 183, no. 1, 13 January 2014, p. 14. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  14. ^ Davies, Caroline (24 December 2013). "Codebreaker Turing is given posthumous royal pardon". The Guardian. London. pp. 1, 6.
  15. ^ "Government 'committed' to Alan Turing gay pardon law". BBC News. 22 September 2016. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  16. ^ Cowburn, Ashley (21 September 2016). "Theresa May committed to introducing the 'Alan Turing Law'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  17. ^ Participation, Expert. "Policing and Crime Act 2017". Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference thegazette.co.uk was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference frs was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ "What does the code on the Alan Turing Memorial actually say?". Random Hacks. 23 September 2010. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  21. ^ "Computer buried in tribute to genius". Manchester Evening News. 17 February 2007. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  22. ^ Gray, Paul (29 March 1999). "Alan Turing – Time 100 People of the Century". Time. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2011. Providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine.
  23. ^ "Blue plaque to commemorate Alan Turing". King's College, Cambridge. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  24. ^ "Turing plaque fixed in place". King's College, Cambridge. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  25. ^ Pylas, Pan (25 March 2021). "WWII codebreaker Alan Turing honored on new UK bank note". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  26. ^ Reid-Smith, Tris (1 May 2020). "Heritage watchdog objects to statue of gay hero Alan Turing at Kings College Cambridge". Gay Star News. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
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