Template:Physical constants
This template provides easy inclusion of the latest CODATA recommended values of physical constants in articles. It gives the most recent values published, and will be updated when newer values become available, which is typically every four years.
The values have been updated to the CODATA 2018 values. This includes the 2019 redefinition of SI base units, which made the values of several constants exact (e.g. e), whereas some previously exactly defined constants acquired an uncertainty (e.g. μ0).
Usage[edit]
Arguments[edit]
symbol
- If set to
yes
, the value is preceded by the symbol of the constant, followed by ≈ or = depending on whether or notround
is set. round
- If omitted, the value is shown along with its standard uncertainty. If set to an integer n, the value is rounded to the first n digits after the decimal point (trailing zeros are omitted).
unit
- If set to
no
, the unit of measurement is not shown. ref
- If set to
no
, no reference is given. If set toonly
, only the reference is given. after
- Text (e.g. punctuation) to be shown after the constant before the reference.
runc
- If set to
yes
, this will provide only the relative standard uncertainty of the value and its reference.
Available constants[edit]
Code | Constant | Value | Relative standard uncertainty |
---|---|---|---|
a0
|
Bohr radius | a0 = 5.29177210544(82)×10−11 m | ur(a0) = 1.6×10−10[1] |
atm
|
standard atmosphere | atm = 101325 Pa | ur(atm) = 0[2] |
A90
|
conventional ampere | A90 = 1.00000008887... A | ur(A90) = 0[3] |
bwien
|
Wien wavelength displacement law constant | b = 2.897771955...×10−3 m⋅K | ur(b) = 0[4] |
bwien'
|
Wien frequency displacement law constant | b′ = 5.878925757...×1010 Hz⋅K−1 | ur(b′) = 0[5] |
c
|
speed of light | c = 299792458 m⋅s−1 | ur(c) = 0[6] |
c1
|
first radiation constant | c1 = 3.741771852...×10−16 W⋅m2 | ur(c1) = 0[7] |
c1L
|
first radiation constant for spectral radiance | c1L = 1.191042972...×10−16 W⋅m2⋅sr−1 | ur(c1L) = 0[8] |
c2
|
second radiation constant | c2 = 1.438776877...×10−2 m⋅K | ur(c2) = 0[9] |
C90
|
conventional coulomb | C90 = 1.00000008887... C | ur(C90) = 0[10] |
e
|
elementary charge | e = 1.602176634×10−19 C | ur(e) = 0[11] |
eV
|
electronvolt | eV = 1.602176634×10−19 J | ur(eV) = 0[12] |
-e/me
|
electronvolt | −e/me = −1.75882000838(55)×1011 C⋅kg−1 | ur(−e/me) = 3.1×10−10[13] |
Eh
|
Hartree energy | Eh = 4.3597447222060(48)×10−18 J | ur(Eh) = 1.1×10−12[14] |
Eh_eV
|
Hartree energy in eV | Eh = 27.211386245981(30) eV | ur(Eh) = 1.1×10−12[15] |
F
|
Faraday constant | F = 9.648533212...×104 C⋅mol−1 | ur(F) = 0[16] |
F90
|
conventional farad | F90 = 0.99999998220... F | ur(F90) = 0[17] |
g0
|
standard acceleration of gravity | g0 = 9.80665 m⋅s−2 | ur(g0) = 0[18] |
ge
|
electron g-factor | ge− = −2.00231930436092(36) | ur(ge−) = 1.8×10−13[19] |
gn
|
neutron g-factor | gn = −3.82608552(90) | ur(gn) = 2.4×10−7[20] |
gp
|
proton g-factor | gp = 5.5856946893(16) | ur(gp) = 2.9×10−10[21] |
gmu
|
muon g-factor | gμ− = −2.00233184123(82) | ur(gμ−) = 4.1×10−10[22] |
G
|
Newtonian constant of gravitation | G = 6.67430(15)×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2 | ur(G) = 2.2×10−5[23] |
G0
|
conductance quantum | G0 = 7.748091729...×10−5 S | ur(G0) = 0[24] |
invG0
|
inverse conductance quantum | G0−1 = 12906.40372... Ω | ur(G0−1) = 0[25] |
GF/hbarc3
|
Fermi coupling constant | GF/(ħc)3 = 1.1663787(6)×10−5 GeV−2 | ur(GF/(ħc)3) = 5.1×10−7[26] |
h
|
Planck constant | h = 6.62607015×10−34 J⋅Hz−1 | ur(h) = 0[27] |
h_eV/Hz
|
Planck constant in eV/Hz | h = 4.135667696...×10−15 eV⋅Hz−1 | ur(h) = 0[28] |
h/2me
|
quantum of circulation | πħ/me = 3.6369475467(11)×10−4 m2⋅s−1 | ur(πħ/me) = 3.1×10−10[29] |
hcRinf
|
Rydberg unit of energy | hcR∞ = 2.1798723611030(24)×10−18 J | ur(hcR∞) = 1.1×10−12[30] |
hbar
|
reduced Planck constant | ħ = 1.054571817...×10−34 J⋅s | ur(ħ) = 0[31] |
hbar_eVs
|
reduced Planck constant in eV⋅s | ħ = 6.582119569...×10−16 eV⋅s | ur(ħ) = 0[32] |
H90
|
conventional henry | H90 = 1.00000001779... H | ur(H90) = 0[33] |
k
|
Boltzmann constant | k = 1.380649×10−23 J⋅K−1 | ur(k) = 0[34] |
KJ
|
Josephson constant | KJ = 483597.8484...×109 Hz⋅V−1 | ur(KJ) = 0[35] |
KJ90
|
conventional value of Josephson constant | KJ-90 = 483597.9×109 Hz⋅V−1 | ur(KJ-90) = 0[36] |
lP
|
Planck length | lP = 1.616255(18)×10−35 m | ur(lP) = 1.1×10−5[37] |
md
|
deuteron mass | md = 3.3435837768(10)×10−27 kg | ur(md) = 3.1×10−10[38] |
md_Da
|
deuteron mass in daltons | md = 2.013553212544(15) Da | ur(md) = 7.4×10−12[39] |
me
|
electron mass | me = 9.1093837139(28)×10−31 kg | ur(me) = 3.1×10−10[40] |
me_Da
|
electron mass in daltons | me = 5.485799090441(97)×10−4 Da | ur(me) = 1.8×10−11[41] |
mec2
|
electron mass energy equivalent | mec2 = 8.1871057880(26)×10−14 J | ur(mec2) = 3.1×10−10[42] |
mec2_MeV
|
electron mass energy equivalent in MeV | mec2 = 0.51099895069(16) MeV | ur(mec2) = 3.1×10−10[43] |
mh
|
helion mass | mh = 5.0064127862(16)×10−27 kg | ur(mh) = 3.1×10−10[44] |
mh_Da
|
helion mass in daltons | mh = 3.014932246932(74) Da | ur(mh) = 2.5×10−11[45] |
mn
|
neutron mass | mn = 1.67492750056(85)×10−27 kg | ur(mn) = 5.1×10−10[46] |
mn_Da
|
neutron mass in daltons | mn = 1.00866491606(40) Da | ur(mn) = 4.0×10−10[47] |
mnc2
|
neutron mass energy equivalent in MeV | mnc2 = 1.50534976514(76)×10−10 J | ur(mnc2) = 5.1×10−10[48] |
mnc2_MeV
|
neutron mass energy equivalent in MeV | mnc2 = 939.56542194(48) MeV | ur(mnc2) = 5.1×10−10[49] |
mp
|
proton mass | mp = 1.67262192595(52)×10−27 kg | ur(mp) = 3.1×10−10[50] |
mp_Da
|
proton mass in daltons | mp = 1.0072764665789(83) Da | ur(mp) = 8.3×10−12[51] |
mp/me
|
proton-to-electron mass ratio | mp/me = 1836.152673426(32) | ur(mp/me) = 1.7×10−11[52] |
mpc2
|
proton mass energy equivalent | mpc2 = 1.50327761802(47)×10−10 J | ur(mpc2) = 3.1×10−10[53] |
mpc2_MeV
|
proton mass energy equivalent in MeV | mpc2 = 938.27208943(29) MeV | ur(mpc2) = 3.1×10−10[54] |
mP
|
Planck mass | mP = 2.176434(24)×10−8 kg | ur(mP) = 1.1×10−5[55] |
mu
|
atomic mass constant | mu = 1.66053906892(52)×10−27 kg | ur(mu) = 3.1×10−10[56] |
muc2
|
atomic mass constant energy equivalent | muc2 = 1.49241808768(46)×10−10 J | ur(muc2) = 3.1×10−10[57] |
muc2_MeV
|
atomic mass constant energy equivalent in MeV | muc2 = 931.49410372(29) MeV | ur(muc2) = 3.1×10−10[58] |
mW/mZ
|
W-to-Z mass ratio | mW/mZ = 0.88145(13) | ur(mW/mZ) = 1.5×10−4[59] |
malpha
|
alpha particle mass | mα = 6.6446573450(21)×10−27 kg | ur(mα) = 3.1×10−10[60] |
malpha_Da
|
alpha particle mass in daltons | mα = 4.001506179129(62) Da | ur(mα) = 1.6×10−11[61] |
malphac2_GeV
|
alpha particle mass energy equivalent in GeV | mαc2 = 3.7273794118(11) GeV | ur(mαc2) = 3.0×10−10[62] |
mmu
|
muon mass | mμ = 1.883531627(42)×10−28 kg | ur(mμ) = 2.2×10−8[63] |
mmu_Da
|
muon mass in daltons | mμ = 0.1134289257(22) Da | ur(mμ) = 2.2×10−8[64] |
mmu/me
|
muon-to-electron mass ratio | mμ/me = 206.7682827(46) | ur(mμ/me) = 2.2×10−8[65] |
mmuc2
|
muon mass energy equivalent | mμc2 = 1.692833804(38)×10−11 J | ur(mμc2) = 2.2×10−8[66] |
mmuc2_MeV
|
muon mass energy equivalent in MeV | mμc2 = 105.6583755(23) MeV | ur(mμc2) = 2.2×10−8[67] |
mtau
|
tau mass | mτ = 3.16754(21)×10−27 kg | ur(mτ) = 6.8×10−5[68] |
MC12
|
molar mass of carbon-12 | M(12C) = 12.0000000126(37)×10−3 kg⋅mol−1 | ur(M(12C)) = 3.1×10−10[69] |
Mu
|
molar mass constant | Mu = 1.00000000105(31)×10−3 kg⋅mol−1 | ur(Mu) = 3.1×10−10[70] |
NA
|
Avogadro constant | NA = 6.02214076×1023 mol−1 | ur(NA) = 0[71] |
NAh
|
molar Planck constant | NAh = 3.990312712...×10−10 J⋅Hz−1⋅mol−1 | ur(NAh) = 0[72] |
re
|
classical electron radius | re = 2.8179403205(13)×10−15 m | ur(re) = 4.7×10−10[73] |
rp
|
proton root-mean-square charge radius | rp = 8.4075(64)×10−16 m | ur(rp) = 7.4×10−4[74] |
R
|
molar gas constant | R = 8.314462618... J⋅mol−1⋅K−1 | ur(R) = 0[75] |
Rinf
|
Rydberg constant | R∞ = 10973731.568157(12) m−1 | ur(R∞) = 1.1×10−12[76] |
RK
|
von Klitzing constant | RK = 25812.80745... Ω | ur(RK) = 0[77] |
RK90
|
conventional value of von Klitzing constant | RK-90 = 25812.807 Ω | ur(RK-90) = 0[78] |
tP
|
Planck time | tP = 5.391247(60)×10−44 s | ur(tP) = 1.1×10−5[79] |
TP
|
Planck temperature | TP = 1.416784(16)×1032 K | ur(TP) = 1.1×10−5[80] |
V90
|
conventional volt | V90 = 1.00000010666... V | ur(V90) = 0[81] |
VmSi
|
molar volume of silicon | Vm(Si) = 1.205883199(60)×10−5 m3⋅mol−1 | ur(Vm(Si)) = 4.9×10−8[82] |
W90
|
conventional watt | W90 = 1.00000019553... W | ur(W90) = 0[83] |
Z0
|
characteristic impedance of vacuum | Z0 = 376.730313412(59) Ω | ur(Z0) = 1.6×10−10[84] |
alpha
|
fine-structure constant | α = 7.2973525643(11)×10−3 | ur(α) = 1.6×10−10[85] |
invalpha
|
inverse fine-structure constant | 1/α = 137.035999177(21) | ur(1/α) = 1.6×10−10[86] |
gammae
|
electron gyromagnetic ratio | γe = 1.76085962784(55)×1011 s−1⋅T−1 | ur(γe) = 3.1×10−10[87] |
gamman
|
neutron gyromagnetic ratio | γn = 1.83247174(43)×108 s−1⋅T−1 | ur(γn) = 2.4×10−7[88] |
gammap
|
proton gyromagnetic ratio | γp = 2.6752218708(11)×108 s−1⋅T−1 | ur(γp) = 4.3×10−10[89] |
DnuCs
|
hyperfine structure transition frequency of caesium-133 | Δν(133Cs)hfs = 9192631770 Hz | ur(Δν(133Cs)hfs) = 0[90] |
eps0
|
vacuum electric permittivity | ε0 = 8.8541878188(14)×10−12 F⋅m−1 | ur(ε0) = 1.6×10−10[91] |
mu0
|
vacuum magnetic permeability | μ0 = 1.25663706127(20)×10−6 N⋅A−2 | ur(μ0) = 1.6×10−10[92] |
muB
|
Bohr magneton | μB = 9.2740100657(29)×10−24 J⋅T−1 | ur(μB) = 3.1×10−10[93] |
mue
|
electron magnetic moment | μe = −9.2847646917(29)×10−24 J⋅T−1 | ur(μe) = 3.1×10−10[94] |
mue/muB
|
electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio | μe/μB = −1.00115965218046(18) | ur(μe/μB) = 1.8×10−13[95] |
mun
|
neutron magnetic moment | μn = −9.6623653(23)×10−27 J⋅T−1 | ur(μn) = 2.4×10−7[96] |
mun/muN
|
neutron magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio | μn/μN = −1.91304276(45) | ur(μn/μN) = 2.4×10−7[97] |
muN
|
nuclear magneton | μN = 5.0507837393(16)×10−27 J⋅T−1 | ur(μN) = 3.1×10−10[98] |
mup
|
proton magnetic moment | μp = 1.41060679545(60)×10−26 J⋅T−1 | ur(μp) = 4.3×10−10[99] |
mup/muB
|
proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio | μp/μB = 1.52103220230(45)×10−3 | ur(μp/μB) = 3.0×10−10[100] |
mup/muN
|
proton magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio | μp/μN = 2.79284734463(82) | ur(μp/μN) = 2.9×10−10[101] |
mumu
|
muon magnetic moment | μμ = −4.49044830(18)×10−26 J⋅T−1 | ur(μμ) = 2.2×10−8[102] |
sigma
|
Stefan–Boltzmann constant | σ = 5.670374419...×10−8 W⋅m−2⋅K−4 | ur(σ) = 0[103] |
sigmae
|
Thomson cross section | σe = 6.6524587051(62)×10−29 m2 | ur(σe) = 9.3×10−10[104] |
Phi0
|
magnetic flux quantum | Φ0 = 2.067833848...×10−15 Wb | ur(Φ0) = 0[105] |
ohm90
|
conventional ohm | Ω90 = 1.00000001779... Ω | ur(Ω90) = 0[106] |
Examples[edit]
{{Physical constants|c|unit=no|after= [[metre per second|metres per second]].}}
- 299792458 metres per second.[6]
{{Physical constants|mu0|symbol=yes}}
- μ0 = 1.25663706127(20)×10−6 N⋅A−2[92]
{{Physical constants|G|symbol=yes}}
- G = 6.67430(15)×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2[23]
{{Physical constants|hbar|round=2|symbol=yes}}
- ħ ≈ 1.05×10−34 J⋅s[31]
The relative standard uncertainty of ''m''<sub>u</sub> is {{Physical constants|mu|runc=yes|after=.}}
- The relative standard uncertainty of mu is 3.1×10−10.[56]
For the electron mass, {{Physical constants|me|runc=yes|symbol=yes|ref=no}}.
- For the electron mass, ur(me) = 3.1×10−10.
NIST publishes the CODATA value of the [[elementary charge]].{{Physical constants|e|ref=only}}
- NIST publishes the CODATA value of the elementary charge.[11]
See also[edit]
- /data, the subtemplate that holds all of the data
References[edit]
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Bohr radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: standard atmosphere". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of ampere-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Wien wavelength displacement law constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Wien frequency displacement law constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b "2022 CODATA Value: speed of light in vacuum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: first radiation constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: first radiation constant for spectral radiance". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: second radiation constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of coulomb-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b "2022 CODATA Value: elementary charge". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron volt". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron charge to mass quotient". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Hartree energy". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Hartree energy in eV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Faraday constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of farad-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: standard acceleration of gravity". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron g factor". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron g factor". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton g factor". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon g factor". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b "2022 CODATA Value: Newtonian constant of gravitation". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conductance quantum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: inverse of conductance quantum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Fermi coupling constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck constant in eV/Hz". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: quantum of circulation". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Rydberg constant times hc in J". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b "2022 CODATA Value: reduced Planck constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: reduced Planck constant in eV s". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of henry-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Boltzmann constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Josephson constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of Josephson constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck length". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: deuteron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: deuteron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: helion mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: helion mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton-electron mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b "2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: W to Z mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: alpha particle mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: alpha particle mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: alpha particle mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon-electron mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: tau mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: molar mass of carbon-12". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: molar mass constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Avogadro constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: molar Planck constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: classical electron radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton rms charge radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: molar gas constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Rydberg constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: von Klitzing constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of von Klitzing constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck time". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck temperature". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of volt-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: molar volume of silicon". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of watt-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: characteristic impedance of vacuum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: fine-structure constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: inverse fine-structure constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron gyromagnetic ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron gyromagnetic ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton gyromagnetic ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: hyperfine transition frequency of Cs-133". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: vacuum electric permittivity". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b "2022 CODATA Value: vacuum magnetic permeability". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Bohr magneton". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: nuclear magneton". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Stefan–Boltzmann constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Thomson cross section". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: magnetic flux quantum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of ohm-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.