Demographics of New Brunswick

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Population Density of New Brunswick in 2016

New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and the only officially bilingual province (French and English) in the country. The provincial Department of Finance estimates that the province's population in 2006 was 729,997 of which the majority is English-speaking but with a substantial French-speaking minority of mostly Acadian origin.[1]

First Nations in New Brunswick include the Mi'kmaq and Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet). The first European settlers, the Acadians are descendants of French settlers and also some of the Indigenous peoples of Acadia, a French colony in what is today Nova Scotia. The Acadians were expelled by the British (1755) for refusing to take an oath of allegiance to King George II which drove several thousand Acadian residents into exile in North America, the UK and France during the French and Indian War. (Those American Acadians who wound up in Louisiana, and other parts of the American South, are often referred to as Cajuns, although some Cajuns are not of Acadian origin.) In time, some Acadians returned to the Maritime provinces of Canada, mainly to New Brunswick,[2] due to the British prohibiting them from resettling their lands and villages in what became Nova Scotia.

Many of the English-Canadian population of New Brunswick are descended from Loyalists who fled the American Revolution. This is commemorated in the province's motto, Spem reduxit ("hope was restored"). There is also a significant population with Irish ancestry, especially in Saint John and the Miramichi Valley. People of Scottish descent are scattered throughout the province, with higher concentrations in the Miramichi and in Campbellton. A small population of Danish origin may be found in New Denmark in the northwest of the province.

Population history[edit]

Year Population Five Year
 % change 		Ten Year
 % change 		Rank Among
Provinces
1824 74,176 n/a n/a n/a
1834 119,457 n/a 61.0 n/a
1841 156,162 n/a n/a n/a
1851 193,800 n/a 24.1 n/a
1861 252,047 n/a 30.0 n/a
1871 285,594 n/a 13.3 4
1881 321,233 n/a 12.5 4
1891 321,263 n/a 0.0 4
1901 331,120 n/a 3.1 4
1911 351,889 n/a 6.3 8
1921 387,876 n/a 10.2 8
1931 408,219 n/a 5.2 8
1941 457,401 n/a 12.0 8
1951 515,697 n/a 12.7 8
1956 554,616 7.5 n/a 8
1961 597,936 7.8 15.9 8
1966 616,788 3.2 11.2 8
1971 634,560 2.9 6.9 8
1976 677,250 6.7 9.8 8
1981 696,403 2.8 9.7 8
1986 709,445 1.9 4.8 8
1991 723,900 2.0 3.9 8
1996 738,133 2.0 4.0 8
2001 729,498 -1.2 0.8 8
2006 729,997 0.1 -1.1 8
2011 751,171 2.9 3.0 8
2016 747,101 -0.5 2.3 8
2021 775,610 3.8 3.2 8

Source:[3] Statistics Canada[4][5]

Population geography[edit]

City Metropolitan Areas[edit]

City[6] 2021 2016 2011 2006 Land area (km2) Density (/km2)
Greater Moncton 157,717 144,810 138,644 126,424 2,562.47 61.5
Greater Saint John 130,613 126,202 127,761 122,389 3,505.66 37.3
Greater Fredericton 108,610 102,690 94,268 85,688 6,014.66 18.1
Greater Bathurst 31,387 31,110 33,484 34,106 2,100.05 14.9
Greater Miramichi 27,593 27,518 28,115 28,773 7,564.06 3.6
Greater Edmundston 21,144 21,955 21,903 22,471 1,582.36 14.0
Greater Campbellton 13,330 14,679 17,842 17,878 1,525.45 8.7

Cities and towns[edit]

Town Population (2011) Population ranking Land area (km2) Area ranking Density (/km2) Density ranking
Bathurst 12,275 9 91.86 6 133.6 24
Beresford 4,351 20 19.20 17 226.6 18
Bouctouche 2,423 26 18.34 19 132.1 25
Campbellton 7,385 12 18.66 18 395.7 9
Caraquet 4,169 23 68.26 8 61.1 35
Dalhousie 3,512 24 14.51 23 242.1 17
Dieppe 23,310 4 54.11 11 430.8 6
Edmundston 16,032 8 107.00 5 149.8 23
Florenceville-Bristol 1,639 29 15.61 22 105.0 29
Fredericton 56,224 3 131.67 4 427.0 7
Grand Bay–Westfield 5,117 17 59.86 9 85.5 33
Grand Falls 5,706 14 18.05 20 315.9 13
Hampton 4,292 22 21.00 16 204.3 21
Hartland 947 35 9.63 30 98.4 31
Lamèque 1,432 31 12.45 28 115.1 27
Miramichi 17,811 7 179.93 2 99.0 30
McAdam 1,404 32 14.47 24 97.02 32
Moncton 69,074 2 141.17 3 489.3 2
Nackawic 1,049 34 8.40 32 124.9 26
Oromocto 8,932 11 22.37 15 399.2 8
Quispamsis 17,886 6 57.06 10 313.5 14
Richibucto 1,286 33 11.83 27 108.7 28
Riverview 19,128 5 33.88 13 564.6 1
Rothesay 11,947 10 34.77 12 343.6 12
Sackville 5,558 15 74.32 7 74.8 34
Saint Andrews 1,889 28 8.35 33 226.2 19
Saint John 70,063 1 315.82 1 221.8 20
Saint-Léonard 1,343 32 5.20 34 258.3 16
Saint-Quentin 2,095 27 4.30 35 486.7 3
Shediac 6,053 13 12.50 26 484.4 4
Shippagan 2,603 25 9.94 29 261.9 15
St. George 1,543 30 16.13 21 95.6 32
St. Stephen 4,817 19 13.45 24 358.0 11
Sussex 4,312 21 9.03 31 477.4 5
Tracadie–Sheila 4,933 18 24.65 14 200.1 22
Woodstock 5,254 16 13.41 25 391.7 10

Ethnic origin[edit]

The information in the following table contains data from the 2021 Candidan census conducted by Statistics Canada.[7]

Of the 233,000 New Brunswickers whose mother tongue is French, the great majority are Acadians.[8] Most have indicated their ethnic origin as French and not as Acadian, so that the number of Acadians shown is much smaller.

Ethnic origin 2021 population Percent
Canadian / Canadien 174,910 23.0%
Irish 155,915 20.5%
English 137,145 18.1%
Scottish 134,350 17.7%
French, n.o.s. 118,205 15.3%
Acadian 108,375 14.3%
German 33,200 4.4%
New Brunswicker 22,365 2.9%
French Canadian 18,650 2.5%
British, n.o.s. 16,630 2.2%
Dutch 13,310 1.8%
First Nations 13,550 1.8%
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s. 12,655 1.7%
European, n.o.s. 11,565 1.5%
Welsh 11,500 1.5%
Métis 9,445 1.2%
Italian 8,255 1.1%
American 7,185 0.9%
North American Indigenous 5,675 0.7%
Québécois 5,415 0.7%
Indian 5,655 0.7%
Filipino 4,960 0.6%
Chinese 4,600 0.6%
Ukrainian 4,600 0.6%
Danish 4,170 0.5%

Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples[edit]

Visible minority and Indigenous population (2021 Canadian census)[9]
Population group Population %
European[a] 681,695 89.8%
Visible minority group
 South Asian 8,630 1.1%
Chinese 4,085 0.5%
Black 12,155 1.6%
Filipino 5,190 0.7%
Arab 5,060 0.7%
Latin American 2,450 0.3%
Southeast Asian 1,890 0.2%
West Asian 915 0.1%
Korean 1,655 0.2%
Japanese 250 0.0%
Visible minority, n.i.e. 550 0.1%
Multiple visible minorities 1,375 0.2%
Total visible minority population 44,205 5.8%
Indigenous group
 First Nations (North American Indian) 20,960 2.8%
Métis 10,170 1.3%
Inuk (Inuit) 685 0.1%
Multiple Indigenous responses 485 0.1%
Indigenous responses n.i.e. 995 0.1%
Total Indigenous population 33,295 4.4%
Total population 759,195 100.0%

Languages[edit]

The province's distribution of English and French is highly regional

Compared to other provinces, New Brunswick has a relatively even split of French and English population.

As a comparison, the minority language communities of Ontario and Quebec (Franco-Ontarians and English-speaking Quebecers respectively) make up less than 10% of those provinces' populations.[10] With both official language communities so strongly represented, New Brunswick is home to both French and English language hospitals and healthcare networks, school systems, universities, and media. The province also has a relatively high proportion of people who state that they can speak both official languages, with about 246,000 people, or 33.2% of the population reporting the ability to speak both English and French (though Francophones make up two-thirds of those who are bilingual).[11]

Language policy remains a perennial issue in New Brunswick society and politics. Recurring debates have arisen in regards to interpretation of the provincial bilingualism policy, duality (the system of parallel French and English speaking public services), and specifics of implementation. The extent of the provincial policy on bilingualism means that a new row is never far off in the New Brunswick news cycle.[12][13] The French-speaking community continues to advocate for full funding of French-language public services and fair representation in public sector employment, while some Anglophones (and Francophones) fear that the system of duality is financially inefficient and its extent is not worthwhile, or that the provincial governments targets for bilingualism in public employment are hurting their chances to work for the government, as Anglophones are less likely than Francophones to be proficient enough in both official languages to use them in employment.

The province's bilingual status is enshrined in both provincial and federal law. The Canadian Constitution makes specific mention of New Brunswick's bilingual status and defines the spirit of implementation as one based on both community and individual rights (in contrast with the constitutional protections for the other provinces that is limited to individuals, though this extends to "community" issues in terms of provision of schooling etc.). The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has a number of New Brunswick specific articles and makes specific mention of New Brunswick in each section relating to language (ex. Section 18 has two paragraphs, the first regarding bilingual publication of the Canadian Parliaments work and laws, the second specifying that New Brunswick's legislature will publish its work in both French and English). Of particular interest is Article 16.1, which declares that the French and English speaking communities of New Brunswick have equal rights and privileges, including community specific educational and cultural institutions. This specific distinction of linguistic community is important in that it recognizes not only the rights of individuals to use their language, but also demands that the two official language communities have their specific institutions upheld.

In 2012, New Brunswick francophones scored lower on the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies than their anglophone counterparts in New Brunswick.[14]

Knowledge of languages[edit]

Knowledge of official languages of Canada in New Brunswick (2016)[15]
Language Percent
English only
 
 57.15%
French only
 
 8.58%
English and French
 
 33.95%
Neither English nor French
 
 0.32%

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census, and lists languages that were selected by at least 0.5 per cent of respondents.

Knowledge of languages in New Brunswick
Language 2021[16]
Pop. %
English 698,025 91.94%
French 317,825 41.86%
Spanish 7,580 1%
Arabic 6,090 0.8%
Tagalog 4,225 0.56%
Hindi 3,745 0.49%

Mother tongue[edit]

New Brunswick's official languages are shown in bold. Figures shown are for the number of single-language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses. During the 19th century Scottish Gaelic was also spoken in the Campbellton and Dalhousie area. The language died out as a natively-spoken language in the province in the early 20th century.

The 2011 Canadian census showed a population of 751,171. Of the 731,855 single responses to the census question concerning mother tongue, the most commonly reported languages were:[17]

Ranking Language Population Percentage
1. English 479,930 65.58%
2. French 233,530 31.90%
3. Algonquian languages 2,125 0.29%
Mi'kmaq 2,115 0.29%
Cree language 10 0.001%
4. Chinese 1,825 0.25%
Mandarin 405 0.06%
Cantonese 225 0.03%
Taiwanese 5 0.001%
5. Korean 1,810 0.25%
6. German 1,805 0.25%
7. Arabic 1,325 0.18%
8. Spanish 1,135 0.16%
9. Dutch (Nederlands) 925 0.13%
10. Tagalog 585 0.08%
11. Hindustani 455 0.06%
Hindi 250 0.03%
Urdu 205 0.03%
12. Persian 450 0.06%
13. Italian 440 0.06%
14. Romanian 420 0.06%
15. Russian 355 0.05%
16. Vietnamese 285 0.04%
17. Serbo-Croatian languages 280 0.04%
Serbian 120 0.02%
Croatian 75 0.01%
Bosnian 40 0.01%
18. Polish 255 0.03%
19. Scandinavian languages 235 0.03%
Danish 145 0.01%
Norwegian 45 0.01%
Swedish 45 0.01%
20. Portuguese 220 0.03%
21. Bantu languages 200 0.03%
Swahili 140 0.02%
22. Bengali 180 0.02%
23. Hungarian (Magyar) 155 0.02%
24. Greek 140 0.02%

Note: "n.i.e.": not included elsewhere

There were also 45 single-language responses for Gujarati; 135 for Niger-Congo languages n.i.e.; 70 for Creole; 95 for Non-verbal languages (Sign languages); 115 for Japanese; 30 for Indo-Iranian languages n.i.e.; 5 for Somali; 20 for Sinhala (Sinhalese); and 40 for Malayalam. New Brunswick's official languages are shown in bold. (Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.)[17]

Religion[edit]

Religious groups in New Brunswick (1981−2021)
Religious group 2021[18] 2011[19] 2001[20] 1991[21] 1981[22]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Christianity 512,645 67.52% 616,910 83.84% 657,865 91.41% 674,780 94.18% 667,610 96.84%
Irreligion 225,125 29.65% 111,435 15.14% 57,665 8.01% 38,740 5.41% 19,685 2.86%
Islam 9,190 1.21% 2,640 0.36% 1,270 0.18% 255 0.04% 315 0.05%
Hinduism 3,340 0.44% 820 0.11% 470 0.07% 610 0.09% 475 0.07%
Sikhism 1,780 0.23% 20 0% 90 0.01% 45 0.01% 50 0.01%
Buddhism 1,120 0.15% 975 0.13% 550 0.08% 365 0.05% 240 0.03%
Indigenous spirituality 1,005 0.13% 525 0.07% — — — — — —
Judaism 1,000 0.13% 620 0.08% 670 0.09% 880 0.12% 845 0.12%
Other 3,990 0.53% 1,895 0.26% 1,120 0.16% 830 0.12% 160 0.02%
Total responses 759,195 97.88% 735,835 97.96% 719,710 98.66% 716,495 98.98% 689,370 98.99%
Total population 775,610 100% 751,171 100% 729,498 100% 723,900 100% 696,403 100%

Migration[edit]

Immigration[edit]

New Brunswick immigration[23]: 239 [24]: 108 
Year Immigrant percentage Immigrant population Total population
1881 9.7% 31,068 321,233
1891 6.8% 22,006 321,263
1901 5.4% 17,942 331,120
1911 5.2% 18,313 351,889
1921 5.5% 21,458 387,876
1931 6% 24,401 408,219
1941 4.5% 20,592 457,401
1951 3.9% 19,875 515,697
1961 3.9% 23,283 597,936
1971 3.7% 23,735 634,560

The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 44,125 persons or 5.8 percent of the total population of New Brunswick.[25]

Immigrants in New Brunswick by country of birth
Country of birth 2021[26][25] 2016[27] 2011[28][29] 2006[30][31] 2001[32][33]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
United States 6,480 14.7% 7,615 22.5% 8,225 28.9% 8,655 32.8% 7,960 35.4%
United Kingdom 4,915 11.1% 4,605 13.6% 5,260 18.5% 5,210 19.7% 5,300 23.6%
Philippines 3,780 8.6% 1,340 4% 705 2.5% 350 1.3% 210 0.9%
India 2,265 5.1% 820 2.4% 800 2.8% 595 2.3% 390 1.7%
China 2,125 4.8% 2,215 6.6% 1,050 3.7% 925 3.5% 490 2.2%
Syria 1,890 4.3% 1,225 3.6% 20 0.1% 20 0.1% 35 0.2%
Germany 1,395 3.2% 1,620 4.8% 1,650 5.8% 1,770 6.7% 1,570 7%
South Korea 1,180 2.7% 1,495 4.4% 1,620 5.7% 370 1.4% 25 0.1%
France 1,070 2.4% 760 2.2% 410 1.4% 320 1.2% 225 1%
Nigeria 980 2.2% 115 0.3% 40 0.1% 30 0.1% 50 0.2%
Total immigrants 44,125 5.8% 33,810 4.6% 28,465 3.9% 26,400 3.7% 22,470 3.1%
Total responses 759,195 97.9% 730,710 97.8% 735,835 98% 719,650 98.6% 719,710 98.7%
Total population 775,610 100% 747,101 100% 751,171 100% 729,997 100% 729,498 100%

Recent immigration[edit]

The 2021 Canadian census counted a total of 16,040 people who immigrated to New Brunswick between 2016 and 2021.[25]

Recent immigrants to New Brunswick by country of birth (2016 to 2021)[25]
Country of birth Population % recent immigrants
Philippines 2,325 14.5%
Syria 1,700 10.6%
India 1,365 8.5%
China 975 6.1%
Nigeria 905 5.6%
United States 605 3.8%
Ukraine 475 3%
Egypt 445 2.8%
France 390 2.4%
Democratic Republic of the Congo 370 2.3%
Total 16,040 100%

Interprovincial migration[edit]

Net cumulative interprovincial migration per Province from 1997 to 2017, as a share of population of each Provinces
Main article: Interprovincial migration in Canada

New Brunswick has typically experienced less emigration than its size and economic situation would suggest, probably because of the low rate of emigration of its francophone population.[citation needed]

Interprovincial migration in New Brunswick
In-migrants Out-migrants Net migration
2008–09 11,268 11,505 −237
2009–10 10,883 10,312 571
2010–11 10,167 10,325 −158
2011–12 10,044 11,850 −1,806
2012–13 8,517 11,807 −3,290
2013–14 9,055 12,572 −3,517
2014–15 9,184 11,974 −2,790
2015–16 10,248 11,361 −1,113
2016–17 10,136 9,702 434
2017–18 10,709 10,228 481
2018–19 11,945 11,339 606

Source: Statistics Canada

See also[edit]

Demographics of Canada's provinces and territories

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "French use declines at home and work as francophone numbers drop". CBC. 31 March 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  2. ^ "A scenic tour of New Brunswick's East Coast". WestJet Magazine. 2013-08-21. Archived from the original on 2020-05-18. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
  3. ^ Belshaw, John Douglas (2015). "10.2 Demographics". Canadian History: Pre-Confederation. BCCampus.
  4. ^ Population urban and rural, by province and territory (New Brunswick) Archived 2006-12-31 at the Wayback Machine. Statistics Canada, 2005.
  5. ^ Canada's population Archived November 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Statistics Canada. Last accessed September 28, 2006.
  6. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". Stat Can. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  7. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". Stat Can. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  8. ^ "New Brunswick, the heart of today's Acadia". Salut Canada. Retrieved 20 November 2022. Some 233,000i people whose mother tongue is French—the great majority of whom are Acadians—represent one third of the province's population.
  9. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
  10. ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (15 January 2001). "Population by mother tongue, by province and territory, excluding institutional residents (2011 Census) (New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario)". www.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-05-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "2014–2015 Annual Report, Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages of New Brunswick" (PDF). p. 39. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
  12. ^ "New Brunswick still debating language issues after 50 years of bilingualism | Toronto Star". thestar.com. 31 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  13. ^ "Liberals, PCs show fissures over bilingualism controversy". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  14. ^ "Study: The literacy skills of New Brunswick francophones". Statistics Canada. 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2016-09-21.
  15. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census - New Brunswick [Province] and Nova Scotia [Province] - Language". statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  16. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-08-17). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table New Brunswick [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
  17. ^ a b Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (2011 Census)
  18. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  19. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2015-11-27). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  20. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-07-02). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  21. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). "Data tables, 1991 Census R9101 - Population by Religion (29), Showing Age Groups (13) Education (20% Data) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  22. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "1981 Census of Canada 20 per cent data base : highlight information on ethnicity, place of birth, citizenship, income, language, immigration, religion, shelter costs". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  23. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Sixth census of Canada,1921 . Vol. II: Ages, conjugal condition, birthplace, birthplace of parents, year of immigration and naturalization, language spoken, literacy, school attendance, blindness and deaf-mutism". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
  24. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (4 September 2022). "1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I – part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I – partie 3. Birthplace. TABLE 42. Population Bom Outside Canada, Showing Numerical and Percentage Distribution, for Canada and Provinces, 1921-1971". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
  25. ^ a b c d Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
  26. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-06-21). "Place of birth and period of immigration by gender and age: Province or territory". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
  27. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-17). "Data tables, 2016 Census Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Place of Birth (272), Age (7A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  28. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Profile - Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, and Aboriginal Peoples for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, National Household Survey, 2011". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  29. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Citizenship (5), Place of Birth (236), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  30. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2009-03-23). "Place of birth for the immigrant population by period of immigration, 2006 counts and percentage distribution, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  31. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2020-05-01). "2006 Census Topic-based tabulations Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (8) and Place of Birth (261) for the Immigrants and Non-permanent Residents of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  32. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (10A) and Place of Birth of Respondent (260) for Immigrants and Non-permanent Residents, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  33. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Selected Places of Birth (85) for the Immigrant Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 1996 and 2001 Censuses - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
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