Phyllis Gardner (clinical pharmacologist)

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Phyllis Gardner
Phyllis I. Gardner
Born1950 or 1951 (age 72–73)[1]
NationalityAmerican
Alma mater
Years active1976-present
Known forFirst skeptic of Elizabeth Holmes
Ion channel biophysics
Board member of
  • Harvard Medical School Board of Fellows
  • Ventaira Pharmaceuticals
  • Corium International, Inc.
  • Parnell Pharmaceuticals Holdings Ltd.
  • BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc.
  • Aerogen Limited
  • Aronex Pharmaceuticals
  • CohBar
SpouseAndrew Perlman[1]
AwardsJudith Pool Award
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
Notable studentsElizabeth Holmes
Notes

Phyllis I. Gardner (born July 7, 1950) is a Professor of Medicine at the Stanford University School of Medicine. She has previously served as Dean of Education. Gardner was one of the first people to be publicly skeptical of Elizabeth Holmes, the founder of blood testing company Theranos, who was later found guilty of investor fraud.[1][5][6]

Early life and education[edit]

Gardner completed her bachelor's degree at the University of Illinois, where she specialized in biology.[4] She studied at Harvard Medical School and graduated in 1976.[4][7][8] She has held a license to practice medicine in California since 1979.[7] She completed research fellowships at Columbia University and University College London.[4][9] She was a postdoctoral fellow at University College London in 1982.[10] Gardner trained in internal medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital.[4] She was a Chief Resident at the Stanford School of Medicine.[11] In 2002 Gardner argued against a merger of University College London and Imperial College London.[12]

Career[edit]

Academic research[edit]

Gardner joined Stanford University in 1984.[6][13] Her initial role upon hiring in 1984 was as assistant professor of medicine and pharmacology.[13] Gardner works on cardiac arrhythmias and cystic fibrosis pathogenesis.[4][14][15] Gardner was appointed Senior Associate Dean for Education and Student Affairs at Stanford University.[16][9] She is a Professor of Clinical Pharmacology.[17][18] She led a laboratory that focused on ion channel biophysics.[19] In 2003, Gardner testified to the United States House of Representatives on the subject matter of applications of biotechnology research in the United States.[20] Gardner's medical and scientific research has been published in multiple peer-reviewed scientific journals including Nature, Science, and The Lancet.[21][22][23]

Entrepreneurship[edit]

After spending ten years in academia, Gardner became interested in research and development and entrepreneurship.[19] She mentored women interested in pursuit of the field of science.[24] She gained experience within the of companies seeking out venture capital funding.[24] She developed several forms of slow released medication, including an adaptation for retention in the stomach.[25][26] Gardner has been involved with several start-ups in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.[12] From 1996 to 1998 Gardner served as Vice President of Research and Head of the Technology Institute at the Alza Corporation.[9] Gardner served as Director of the biopharmaceutical company Revance Therapeutics from 2007 to 2018.[27] She is an adjunct partner at Essex Woodlands Health Ventures.[28] She founded several companies, including the Genomics Collaborative, SKOLAR and the CambriaTech Holding Co.[29] She was appointed to the Board Of Directors of Ventaira Pharmaceuticals in 2006.[29] Gardner serves on the Board of Fellows of the Harvard Medical School.[30] She was appointed to the Board of Directors of CohBar, a clinical stage biotechnology company, in 2019.[4]

In 2002, Elizabeth Holmes visited Gardner at Stanford University.[24][6][31] Holmes proposed her idea for a microfluidic device that could detect and treat infectious diseases.[24][6][31] Gardner was critical of the proposal, and told Holmes she did not think her invention would be successful.[32][33][34] She explained to Holmes that it is not possible to use antibiotics on such a small scale.[6][35][36] Holmes dropped out of Stanford a few months later, but Gardner followed the evolution of Theranos.[35] Very briefly, both served on the Harvard Medical School Board of Fellows after Holmes was given an invitation to join.[1] Gardner did not permit Holmes to visit the Stanford campus and called for her to be sent to prison.[37][24] Holmes was ultimately found guilty of criminal fraud, in the federal case, United States v. Elizabeth A. Holmes, et al. — which was brought by the United States against her and Theranos former president and COO Sunny Balwani.[6][1][5]

In media[edit]

Gardner was portrayed by Emmy Award-winning actress Laurie Metcalf in the Hulu series The Dropout about the rise and fall of former Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes.[38][39][40]

Awards and honors[edit]

Year Award Category Organization Result Ref.
1998 NCC-AWIS Award Judith Pool Award Association for Women in Science Won [2][3]

Selected publications[edit]

  • Gardner, Phyllis (1987), "Ion channels activated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in plasma membrane of human T-lymphocytes", Nature, 326 (6110): 301–304, Bibcode:1987Natur.326..301K, doi:10.1038/326301a0, PMID 2434867, S2CID 4355950
  • Chung, S.; Mcdonald, Thomas; Gardner, Phyllis (1994), "Inhibition by SK&F 96365 of Ca2+ current, IL-2 production and activation in T lymphocytes", British Journal of Pharmacology, 113 (3): 861–8, doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17072.x, PMID 7858878
  • Gardner, Phyllis (1995). "Activation of dual T cell signaling pathways by the chemokine Rantes". Science. 269 (5231): 1727–1730. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1727B. doi:10.1126/science.7569902. PMID 7569902.
  • Gardner, Phyllis (March 28, 1997), "Nuclear Export of NF-ATc Enhanced by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3", Science, 275 (5308): 1930–1933, doi:10.1126/science.275.5308.1930, PMID 9072970, S2CID 22590899
  • Mathias, Robert; Zhang, Shuanghin; Wilson, Emily; Gardner, Phyllis; Ives, Harlan (1997), "Non-capacitative Calcium Entry in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Expressing the Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272 (46): 29076–82, doi:10.1074/jbc.272.46.29076, PMID 9360982
  • Wagner, John; Moran, Mary; Messner, Anna; Daifuku, Richard; Conrad, Carol; Phd, Thomas; Guggino, William; Moss, Richard; Carter, Barrie; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), "A Phase I/II Study of tgAAV-CF for the Treatment of Chronic Sinusitis in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. Stanford University, Stanford, California", Human Gene Therapy, 9 (6): 889–909, doi:10.1089/hum.1998.9.6-889, PMID 9581911
  • Wagner, John; Reynolds, Thomas; Moran, Mary; Moss, Richard; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), "Efficient and persistent gene transfer of AAV-CFTR in maxillary sinus", The Lancet, 351 (9117): 1702–3, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77740-0, PMID 9734891
  • Wagner, John; Nepomuceno, Ilynn; Shah, Niraj; Messner, Anna; Moran, Mary; Norbash, Alexander; Moss, Richard; Wine, Jeffrey; Gardner, Phyllis (1999), "Maxillary Sinusitis as a Surrogate Model for CF Gene Therapy Clinical Trials in Patients with Antrostomies", The Journal of Gene Medicine, 1: 13–21, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-2254(199901/02)1:1<13::AID-JGM6>3.0.CO;2-G
  • Wagner, John; Nepomuceno, Ilynn; Messner, Anna; Moran, Mary; Batson, Eric; Dimiceli, Sue; Brown, Byron; Desch, Julie; Norbash, Alexander; Conrad, Carol; Guggino, William; Flotte, Terence; Wine, Jeffrey; Carter, Barrie; Reynolds, Thomas; Moss, Richard; Gardner, Phyllis (2002), "A Phase II, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of tgAAVCF Using Maxillary Sinus Delivery in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis with Antrostomies", Human Gene Therapy, 13 (11): 1349–59, doi:10.1089/104303402760128577, PMID 12162817
  • Sheridan, Colleen; Heist, E; Beals, Chan; Crabtree, Gerald; Gardner, Phyllis (2003), "Protein Kinase A Negatively Modulates the Nuclear Accumulation of NF-ATc1 by Priming for Subsequent Phosphorylation by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277 (50): 48664–76, doi:10.1074/jbc.M207029200, PMID 12351631
  • Schrijver, Iris; Karnsakul, Wikrom; Limwongse, Chanin; Ramalingam, Sudha; Sankaran, Ramalingam; Gardner, Phyllis; Moss, Richard (2005), "Novel contributions to the Asian CFTR mutation spectrum: Genotype and phenotype in Thai patients with cystic fibrosis", American Journal of Medical Genetics, 133A (1): 103–5, doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30472, PMID 15744829
  • Schrijver, Iris; Ramalingam, Sudha; Sankaran, Ramalingam; Swanson, Steve; Dunlop, Charles; Keiles, Steven; Moss, Richard; Oehlert, John; Gardner, Phyllis; Wassman, E; Kammesheidt, Anja (2005), "Diagnostic testing by CFTR gene mutation analysis in a large group hispanics: Novel mutations and assessment of a population-specific mutation spectrum", The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 7 (2): 289–99, doi:10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60557-0, PMC 1867528, PMID 15858154
  • Gardner, Phyllis (2005), "Microfabricated silicon NanoPORE membranes provide continuous delivery of biopharmaceuticals", International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems, vol. 179, IEEE, p. 179, doi:10.1109/ICMENS.2005.70, ISBN 0-7695-2398-6
  • Schrijver, Iris; Oitmaa, Eneli; Gardner, Phyllis (2005), "Genotyping Microarray for the Detection of More Than 200 CFTR Mutations in Ethnically Diverse Populations", The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 7 (3): 375–87, doi:10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60567-3, PMC 1867536, PMID 16049310
  • Schrijver, Iris; Gardner, Phyllis (2006), "Hereditary sensorineural hearing loss: Advances in molecular genetics and mutation analysis", Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 6 (3): 375–86, doi:10.1586/14737159.6.3.375, PMID 16706740
  • Gardner, Phyllis (2006), "Microfabricated nanochannel implantable drug delivery devices: Trends, limitations and possibilities", Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 3 (4): 479–87, doi:10.1517/17425247.3.4.479, PMID 16822223
  • Gardner, Phyllis; Oitmaa, Eneli; Messner, Anna; Hoefsloot, Lies; Schrijver, Iris (2006), "Simultaneous Multigene Mutation Detection in Patients With Sensorineural Hearing Loss Through a Novel Diagnostic Microarray: A New Approach for Newborn Screening Follow-up", Pediatrics, 118 (3): 985–94, doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2519, PMID 16950989
  • Naguib, Maggie; Schrijver, Iris; Gardner, Phyllis; Pique, Lynn; Doss, Samiha; Abu-Zekry, Mona; Aziz, Mona; Nasr, Samya (2007), "Cystic fibrosis detection in high-risk Egyptian children and CFTR mutation analysis", Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 6 (2), European Cystic Fibrosis Society: 111–6, doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2006.04.004, PMID 16837250
  • Naguib, Maggie; Schrijver, I.; Gardner, Phyllis; Piquet, L.; Doss, S.; Abu-Zekry, Mona; Aziz, M.; Nasré, S. (2006), "472 Incidence of Cystic Fibrosis in high-risk Egyptian children and CFTR mutation analysis", Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 5: S103, doi:10.1016/S1569-1993(06)80396-6
  • Schrijver, Iris; Külm, Maigi; Gardner, Phyllis; Pergament, Eugene; Fiddler, Morris (2007), "Comprehensive Arrayed Primer Extension Array for the Detection of 59 Sequence Variants in 15 Conditions Prevalent Among the (Ashkenazi) Jewish Population", The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 9 (2): 228–36, doi:10.2353/jmoldx.2007.060100, PMC 1867437, PMID 17384215
  • Rodriguez-Paris, Juan; Ballay, Charles; Inserra, Michelle; Stidham, Katrina; Colen, Tahl; Roberson, Joseph; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2008), "Genetic Analysis of Presbycusis by Arrayed Primer Extension", Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 38 (4): 352–60, PMID 18988928
  • Teek, Rita; Oitmaa, Eneli; Kruustük, Katrin; Zordania, Riina; Joost, Kairit; Raukas, Elve; Tõnisson, Neeme; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris; Kull, Mart; Ounap, Katrin (2008), "Splice variant IVS2-2A>G in the SLC26A5 (Prestin) gene in five Estonian families with hearing loss", International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 73: 103–7, doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.10.003, PMID 19027966
  • Qu, Chunyan; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2009), "The role of the cytoskeleton in the formation of gap junctions by Connexin 30", Experimental Cell Research, 315 (10): 1683–92, doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.03.001, PMID 19285977
  • Rodriguez-Paris, Juan; Pique, Lynn; Colen, Tahl; Roberson, Joseph; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2010), "Genotyping with a 198 Mutation Arrayed Primer Extension Array for Hereditary Hearing Loss: Assessment of Its Diagnostic Value for Medical Practice", PloS One, 5 (7): e11804, Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511804R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011804, PMC 2909915, PMID 20668687
  • Traynis, Ilana; Bernstein, Jonathan; Gardner, Phyllis; Schrijver, Iris (2011), "Analysis of the Alternative Splicing of an FGFR2 Transcript Due to a Novel 5 ' Splice Site Mutation (1084+1G > A): Case Report", The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 49 (1), American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association: 104–8, doi:10.1597/10-217, PMID 21524234

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Savidge, Nico (June 3, 2019), "She saw through Elizabeth Holmes. Now Stanford professor is star in Theranos saga", The Mercury News, archived from the original on June 20, 2019, retrieved May 24, 2024
  2. ^ a b "Past Award Recipients - Judith Pool Award: In Honor of Judith Pool, Ph.D., 1919-1975", NCC-AWIS Awards, Association for Women in Science, 2024, archived from the original on May 11, 2024, retrieved May 25, 2024
  3. ^ a b "Awards Nomination", AWIS, 2024, archived from the original on February 20, 2020, retrieved May 25, 2024
  4. ^ a b c d e f g CohBar Inc (February 11, 2019), "CohBar Announces the Appointment of Dr. Phyllis Gardner to its Board of Directors", GlobeNewswire News Room, archived from the original on May 12, 2019, retrieved May 12, 2019
  5. ^ a b U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of California (January 4, 2022), "Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes Found Guilty Of Investor Fraud", www.justice.gov, United States Department of Justice, archived from the original on April 6, 2024, retrieved March 7, 2022
  6. ^ a b c d e f Baila, Morgan (March 19, 2019), "Phyllis Gardner Warned Everyone About Elizabeth Holmes — But No One Listened", Refinery29, www.refinery29.com, archived from the original on March 30, 2019, retrieved May 24, 2024
  7. ^ a b "Dr. Phyllis Gardner, MD – Stanford, CA | Internal Medicine on Doximity", Doximity, Doximity, Inc., 2024, archived from the original on May 12, 2019, retrieved May 24, 2024
  8. ^ "Classes of 1970 - 1979 | Harvard Medical Alumni Association", alumni.hms.harvard.edu, June 30, 2023, archived from the original on March 28, 2024, retrieved May 24, 2024
  9. ^ a b c "Phyllis Gardner", Avestria.vc, Avestria Ventures, 2024, archived from the original on February 16, 2022, retrieved May 24, 2024
  10. ^ "Jeremy Bentham". web.stanford.edu. 2019. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
  11. ^ "Prof. Phyllis Gardner, M.D.", Pardigm, Pardigm.com, 2024, archived from the original on March 28, 2023, retrieved May 25, 2024
  12. ^ a b Gardner, Phyllis (November 27, 2002), "The proposed 'merger' of UCL and Imperial College" (PDF), UCL, archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2022, retrieved May 24, 2024
  13. ^ a b Laurence, Leslie; Weinhouse, Beth (1997), Outrageous Practices: How Gender Bias Threatens Women's Health, Rutgers University Press, pp. 37–39, ISBN 978-0813524481
  14. ^ Naguib, Maggie; Schrijver, Iris; Gardner, Phyllis; Pique, Lynn; Doss, Samiha; Abu-Zekry, Mona; Aziz, Mona; Nasr, Samya (2007), "Cystic fibrosis detection in high-risk Egyptian children and CFTR mutation analysis", Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 6 (2), European Cystic Fibrosis Society: 111–6, doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2006.04.004, PMID 16837250
  15. ^ Wagner, John; Moran, Mary; Messner, Anna; Daifuku, Richard; Conrad, Carol; Phd, Thomas; Guggino, William; Moss, Richard; Carter, Barrie; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), "A Phase I/II Study of tgAAV-CF for the Treatment of Chronic Sinusitis in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. Stanford University, Stanford, California", Human Gene Therapy, 9 (6): 889–909, doi:10.1089/hum.1998.9.6-889, PMID 9581911
  16. ^ Washburn, Jennifer (2008), University, Inc.: The Corporate Corruption of Higher Education, Basic Books, pp. 92–94, ISBN 978-0786722389
  17. ^ "Phyllis Gardner - Professor of Medicine (Clinical Pharmacology)", Stanford Profiles, Stanford University, 2024, archived from the original on May 23, 2024, retrieved May 24, 2024
  18. ^ Salters, Madison (2023), "Start-Up Culture", Scams and Cons: A True Crime Collection, Ulysses Press, ISBN 978-1646044627
  19. ^ a b Cerretani, Jessica; Leo, R. Alan (Spring 2011), "Trading Spaces - Leaders in medical research can enrich their creative output by moving between industry and academia", Harvard Medicine: The Magazine of Harvard Medical School, archived from the original on February 12, 2024, retrieved May 24, 2024
  20. ^ Gardner, Phyllis (July 10, 2003), "Prepared Statement of Phyllis Gardner, Associate Professor of Medicine, Stanford University, On Behalf of the Biotechnology Industry Organization" (PDF), Moving Research from the Bench to the Bedside : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, July 10, 2003, United States Congress, pp. 48–53, archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2023, retrieved May 23, 2024
  21. ^ Gardner, Phyllis (1987), "Ion channels activated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in plasma membrane of human T-lymphocytes", Nature, 326 (6110): 301–304, Bibcode:1987Natur.326..301K, doi:10.1038/326301a0, PMID 2434867, S2CID 4355950
  22. ^ Gardner, Phyllis (March 28, 1997), "Nuclear Export of NF-ATc Enhanced by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3", Science, 275 (5308): 1930–1933, doi:10.1126/science.275.5308.1930, PMID 9072970, S2CID 22590899
  23. ^ Wagner, John; Reynolds, Thomas; Moran, Mary; Moss, Richard; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), "Efficient and persistent gene transfer of AAV-CFTR in maxillary sinus", The Lancet, 351 (9117): 1702–3, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77740-0, PMID 9734891
  24. ^ a b c d e Tedlow, Richard S. (2021), The Emergence of Charismatic Business Leadership, RosettaBooks, pp. 343–345, ISBN 978-1948122849
  25. ^ "Patents by Inventor Phyllis I. Gardner", Justia, 2024, archived from the original on May 24, 2024, retrieved May 24, 2024
  26. ^ Wong, Patrick S. L.; Dong, Liang-Chang; Edgren, David E.; Theeuwes, Felix; Gardner, Phyllis I.; Jao, Francisco; Wan, Jason J. (August 10, 1998), "Prolonged release active agent dosage form adapted for gastric retention", US6120803A, archived from the original on March 30, 2021, retrieved May 25, 2024
  27. ^ "About Revance", Revance Therapeutics, www.revance.com, 2020, archived from the original on June 6, 2020, retrieved May 12, 2019
  28. ^ Joseph, Robert (September 8, 2014), "Parnell Appoints US-Based Independent Directors Phyllis Gardner, M.D., and David L. Greenwood to Its Board of Directors", CNBC, archived from the original on May 12, 2019, retrieved May 12, 2019
  29. ^ a b Williams, Leslie; Neath, Susan (March 12, 2006), "Ventaira Pharmaceuticals Announces Appointment Of Phyllis Gardner, M.D. To The Company's Board Of Directors", BioSpace, archived from the original on May 12, 2019, retrieved May 12, 2019
  30. ^ Flier, Jeffrey (May 12, 2019), "Jeffrey Flier: Elizabeth Holmes and Harvard Medical School Board of Fellows—a cautionary tale", The BMJ, Bmj.com, archived from the original on June 29, 2019, retrieved May 12, 2019
  31. ^ a b Murphy, Mary C. (2024), Cultures of Growth: How the New Science of Mindset Can Transform Individuals, Teams, and Organizations, Simon & Schuster, pp. 164–166, ISBN 978-1982172749
  32. ^ Dennin, Torsten (2023), "Chasing Unicorns: Elizabeth Holmes, Theranos, and the Disgrace of Silicon Valley", Games of Greed: Excess, Hubris, Fraud, and Theft on Main Street and Wall Street, River Grove Books, pp. 123–136, ISBN 978-1632996428
  33. ^ Abbas, Ali (2023), Ethical Decision Quality: Building an Ethical Decision Culture, Ethics International Press Limited, pp. 51–53, ISBN 978-1804412213
  34. ^ Tsang, Eric W. K. (2022), Explaining Management Phenomena: A Philosophical Treatise, Cambridge University Press, pp. 7–9, ISBN 978-1009323086
  35. ^ a b Yee, Hannah-Rose (March 25, 2019), "Elizabeth Holmes: How Stanford professor Phyllis Gardner helped bring Theranos down", Stylist, archived from the original on May 12, 2019, retrieved May 12, 2019
  36. ^ "Dr. Phyllis Gardner from After the Downfall: What Elizabeth Holmes and the Theranos Team Are Up to Now", E! Online, March 22, 2019, archived from the original on July 21, 2021, retrieved May 12, 2019
  37. ^ Ramsey, Lydia (March 18, 2019), "The Stanford professor who rejected one of Elizabeth Holmes' early ideas explains what it was like to watch the rise and fall of Theranos", Business Insider, archived from the original on March 19, 2019, retrieved May 12, 2019
  38. ^ Vallelunga, Emma (March 29, 2022), "Did Dr. Phyllis Gardner Really Shut Down Elizabeth Holmes's Ideas Like in 'The Dropout'?", PopSugar Entertainment, archived from the original on March 29, 2022, retrieved October 21, 2022
  39. ^ Zhan, Jennifer (April 7, 2022), "How The Dropout's Actors Compare to Their Real-Life Counterparts", Vulture, archived from the original on March 14, 2022, retrieved October 21, 2022
  40. ^ Goldstein, Goelle (March 30, 2022), "Laurie Metcalf Confronts Amanda Seyfried in The Dropout Sneak Peek", People Magazine, archived from the original on March 31, 2022, retrieved October 21, 2022

External links[edit]

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Professionalism/Tyler Shultz, Elizabeth Holmes, and Theranos


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