Pack Horse Library Project

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Packhorse librarians ready to start delivering books

The Pack Horse Library Project was a Works Progress Administration (WPA) program that delivered books to remote regions in the Appalachian Mountains between 1935 and 1943. Women were very involved in the project which eventually had 30 different libraries serving 100,000 people. Pack horse librarians were known by many different names including "book women," "book ladies," and "packsaddle librarians."[1]: 290  The project helped employ around 200 people and reached around 100,000 residents in rural Kentucky.[2]

Background[edit]

A pack horse librarian reads aloud to a man in the Kentucky mountains.

Because of the Great Depression and a lack of budget money, the American Library Association estimated in May 1936 that around a third of all Americans no longer had "reasonable" access to public library materials.[2]

Eastern, rural Kentucky is a geographically isolated area, cut off from much of the country.[3]: 57  Prior to the creation of the Pack Horse Library Project, many people in rural Appalachian Kentucky did not have access to books.[4] The percentage of people who were illiterate in eastern Kentucky was at around 31 percent.[4] People who lived in rural, mostly inaccessible areas wanted to become more literate, seeing education as a way to escape poverty.[5]: 113  While there were traveling libraries, which were created by the Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs starting in 1896, the lack of roads and population centers in eastern Kentucky discouraged the creation of most public library services in those locations.[3]: 59-60  The traveling libraries were discontinued in 1933.[5]: 117  In Kentucky, 63 counties had no library services at all during the early 1930s.[6]

The first Pack Horse Library was created in Paintsville in 1913 and started by May F. Stafford.[3]: 62  It was supported by a local coal baron, John C.C. Mayo, but when Mayo died in 1914, the program ended because of lack of funding.[3]: 62  Elizabeth Fullerton, who worked with the women's and professional projects at the WPA, decided to reuse Stafford's idea.[3]: 63  In 1934, A Presbyterian minister who ran a community center in Leslie County offered his library to the WPA if they would fund people to carry the books to people who could not easily access library materials.[6][7]: 166  That started the first pack horse library, which was administered by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) until the WPA took it over in 1935.[3]: 63 [8] By 1936, there were eight pack horse libraries in operation.[3]: 68 

Description[edit]

Trails could be difficult and dangerous, except where the WPA had completed its farm-to-market road program.

The Pack Horse Library Project was headed by Ellen Woodward at a federal level.[6] The project ran between 1935 and 1943.[9] "Book women" were hired by the WPA and worked for around $28 a month delivering books in the Appalachians via horseback or on mules.[10] They delivered both to individual homes and to schoolhouses.[11] The WPA paid for the salaries of the supervisors and book carriers; all books were donated to the program.[3]: 58 

Members of the community had to not only donate books but also provide facilities to store the books and other supplies needed by the librarians on horseback.[3]: 62  Each local pack horse library had a clerk, or head librarian, who handled various library duties and four to ten book carriers who delivered books to mountain schools and homesteads.[12][3]: 62  The head librarian would process donations at the headquarters, repair books and get items ready to deliver.[3]: 62  Librarians repurposed items like cheese boxes into card catalog files or license plates bent into shapes for bookends.[1]: 295  Monthly, the librarians would meet at their central facility in what they called "conferences."[13][1]: 295  Most of the people involved in the Pack Horse Library Project were women.[9] Most of the pack horse librarians were the only person in their family who was then earning an income.[5]: 120 

Book carriers provided their own horses or mules, some of which were leased from local farmers.[5]: 120  Some routes were so steep that one book woman, Grace Caudill Lucas, had to lead her horse across the cliffs.[10] Other areas had deep water and her feet sometimes "froze to the stirrups."[10] Another librarian chose to hike her 18 mi route on foot after the death of her mule.[4] One librarian had a very old mule and so walked with her animal part of the route instead of riding.[14] Over the course of a month, women would ride and walk their route at least twice, each route covering 100 to 120 miles (160 to 190 km) a week, totaling an average of 4,905 miles (7,894 km).[15][16] The book packs that the librarians carried could hold around 100 books.[17]

Pack Horse Librarians make regular calls at mountain schools. The little native stone school shown here was built by the WPA in Kentucky and replaced an antiquated log schools.
Pack Horse Librarians made regular calls at mountain schools. The little native stone school shown here was built by the WPA in Kentucky and replaced an antiquated log building.

Books were rotated between locations[6] and were chosen based on the preferences of the library patrons.[6] The collection of the libraries were focused on children's books.[3]: 69  Maggie Mae Smith, a supervisor at the Whitley County Pack Horse Library wrote that the children all ran to meet the book women, saying, "Bring me a book to read."[3]: 69  For adults, the collection focused on current events, history, religion and biographies.[3]: 70  The Bible was one of the most requested books, along with "instructive literature."[13] Other popular books were Robinson Crusoe and literature by Mark Twain.[4] Women enjoyed reading illustrated home magazines and books about health and parenting.[3]: 70-71  Another unique aspect of the collection was the recipe and quilting pattern books that women created, writing down their favorites into binders which were shared throughout the area.[3]: 72  The scrapbooks also contained cuttings from other books and magazines and eventually, there were more than 200 different books generated by patrons and librarians.[1]: 290-291  In 1938, four Tru-Vuers with 40 films were purchased to circulate through the different libraries so that people could see their first moving pictures.[3]: 72  The books were in such demand that one young man walked 8 mi (13 km) to the closest pack horse library to get new books.[13] In 1936, around 33,000 books were circulated to around 57,000 families.[14] The lending period for books was usually about a week.[18]: 708 

Parent Teacher Associations (PTA) and women's clubs in Kentucky were key to helping raise money to purchase new books.[3]: 67  Lena Nofcier, who was involved in promoting the book donation program through the PTA, helped raise money by book drives and penny donations.[19][8] In Paintsville, Kentucky, the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) helped pay shipping expenses for the books donated.[20] The head of the library in Paintsville, Stafford, also solicited books by writing to the editor of The Courier-Journal.[21] PTA's in Kentucky helped promote the Pack Horse Library Project.[3]: 66 [22] Local communities held book drives and open houses to support libraries.[23][24][17]

The Pack Horse Library Project not only distributed books but also provided reading lessons.[25] Librarians and book women would also read aloud to families.[15] Librarians were also seen as educators, bringing new ideas into isolated areas.[26] In order to do so, librarians had to deal with their community's suspicion of strangers and deal with a "hostility toward any outside influence".[18]: 707  The librarians managed to overcome the attitude to such a degree that one family was reported as refusing to move to a new county because it lacked a packhorse library service.[18]: 709 

The project ended in 1943, when the WPA stopped funding the program.[3]: 76  While local communities tried to keep the libraries going, they were unable to continue without funding.[8] It was only in the 1950s that the remote communities would have access to bookmobiles.[8]

Locations[edit]

Carriers in Hindman, Kentucky.
Carriers in Hindman, Kentucky.

There were around 30 different pack horse libraries who served around 100,000 different people in the mountain areas.[9] The libraries also served around 155 schools in these counties by 1937.[4]

Breathitt County was an early pack horse library location, opening in 1935.[27] Campbellsville, Kentucky opened a pack horse library on November 3, 1938.[28] The head of the project was Louise S. Van Cleve.[28] Burkesville in Cumberland County started up a pack horse library in 1938 that had around 1,000 books and 3,000 magazines in the collection.[29]

To obtain books for a planned Floyd County library, an open house was held in Prestonsburg in 1938.[24] The supervisor for Floyd county was Grace Moore Burchett, who oversaw services at Prestonsburg, Martin, Lackey and Wheelwright.[30] Greenup County started a pack horse library in 1939.[31] Hindman was the central location for Knott County which had a pack horse library in 1935.[27][1]: 290  By 1937, there was a pack horse library in Lee County.[14] A major headquarters was located in Lexington.[32] Letcher County also had its own library.[33]

London, Kentucky in Laurel County was one of the more centrally located pack horse libraries.[13] The center was run by Ethel Perryman, who was a local director of the WPA, women's work division.[13] London also served as a central receiving area for book donations.[17] One large central book distribution program was run out of Pittsburgh by Mrs. Malcolm McLeod, wife of the head of the English department at Carnegie Tech, who sent her donations to London.[17]

The first location to have a pack horse library was Johnson County, Paintsville.[6] Leslie's collection was donated by their minister, Benton Deaton, who kickstarted the project.[3]: 63  The pack horse library in Leslie started in the Wooton Community Center.[34]

A pack horse library existed in Martin County by 1941.[35] The headquarters of the pack horse library in Morehead experienced a fire in 1939.[36] In Owsley County, they had a pack horse library by 1937.[14] Paintsville, Kentucky revived its original pack horse library idea when the WPA funded it.[20] May F. Stafford was in charge of the project there.[20] The Painstville library had grown to hold around 5,000 books by 1938.[26] It was estimated that it cost around $40 a month in rent and utilities to run the central facility for the pack horse library.[37] The Pikeville pack horse library was run by Naomi Lemon.[38] Pine Mountain school was the headquarters for the pack horse library in Harlan County, which had been opened up by 1937.[14][39] The supervisor of the library in Harlan County was Ann Richards, a WPA employee.[40]

In 1936, the WPA began planning to open a pack horse library in Somerset, Kentucky.[41] The Somerset library was supervised by Imogene Dutton.[42] By 1937, there was a pack horse library in Whitley County.[14] Maggie Mae Smith was the supervisor at that location.[3]: 69 

In literature[edit]

Notable books include:

In media[edit]

The NPR series The Keepers, "stories of activists, archivists, rogue librarians, curators, collectors and historians", devoted an episode to the Pack Horse Librarians of Eastern Kentucky. The episode originally aired on Morning Edition September 13, 2018.[43]

A "director's cut" of the story can also be heard through the Radiotopia podcast "The Kitchen Sisters present".[44]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Vance, Jason (December 1, 2012). "Librarians as Authors, Editors, and Self-Publishers: The Information Culture of the Kentucky Pack Horse Library Scrapbooks (1936–1943)". Library & Information History. 28 (4): 289–308. doi:10.1179/1758348912Z.00000000020. S2CID 162090635.
  2. ^ a b "WPA Library Programs · A History of US Public Libraries · DPLA Omeka". Digital Public Library of America. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Schmitzer, Jeanne Cannella (1997). "Reaching Out to the Mountains: The Pack Horse Library of Eastern Kentucky". The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. 95 (1): 57–77. JSTOR 23383806.
  4. ^ a b c d e McGraw, Eliza (June 21, 2017). "Horse-Riding Librarians Were the Great Depression's Bookmobiles". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d Boyd, Donald C (June 21, 2007). "The Book Women of Kentucky: The WPA Pack Horse Library Project, 1936-1943". Libraries & the Cultural Record. 42 (2): 111–128 – via Project MUSE.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Rhodenbaugh, Beth (December 11, 1938). "Book Women Started in Kentucky". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved September 1, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ Griswold, Wendy (August 26, 2016). American Guides: The Federal Writers' Project and the Casting of American Culture. University of Chicago Press. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0-226-35797-3 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ a b c d Opdycke, Sandra (April 14, 2016). The WPA: Creating Jobs and Hope in the Great Depression. Routledge. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1-317-58846-7.
  9. ^ a b c "The Pack Horse Librarians of Eastern Kentucky". Horse Canada. Archived from the original on September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  10. ^ a b c Crawford, Byron (December 17, 1995). "Times Were Tough, But the Book Woman Was Tougher". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved September 1, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ "Books Delivered by Pack Horses to Hill Farmers". Medford Mail Tribune. December 11, 1936. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ Crawford, Byron (November 5, 1995). "'Book Women' Brought Hope to Isolated Kentuckians". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved September 1, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Mountain Trails Used By WPA Employees to Distribute Books". The Cincinnati Enquirer. March 18, 1937. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ a b c d e f "WPA Travelling Libraries - Social Welfare History Project". Social Welfare History Project. April 12, 2014. Archived from the original on September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  15. ^ a b "'Pack-Horse Library' Supplies Mountain People With Books". The Cincinnati Enquirer. March 18, 1937. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ McGraw, Eliza (June 21, 2017). "Horse-Riding Librarians Were the Great Depression's Bookmobiles". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  17. ^ a b c d Ayers, Ruth (October 26, 1936). "Pittsburgh Woman Heads Pack Horse Library Service to Mountain Homes". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ a b c Chapman, Edward A (1938). "WPA and Rural Libraries". Bulletin of the American Library Association. 32 (10): 703–709. JSTOR 25689501.
  19. ^ "Pack Horse Library Aided By P.T.A. During Book Week". The Courier-Journal. November 13, 1938. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ a b c "Books Are Sought in Rural Sections". The Cincinnati Enquirer. March 16, 1938. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ "Pack Horse Library". The Courier-Journal. January 7, 1938. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^ "Kenton Council Meets Monday at Locust Street School". The Cincinnati Enquirer. October 13, 1939. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ "Calls For Books". The Cincinnati Enquirer. February 14, 1938. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ a b "At an 'open house' held at". The Courier-Journal. May 14, 1938. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ Bishop, Birdena (Spring 1941). "Pine Mountain Community Group". Mountain Life and Work. 17 (1): 17–18. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017 – via Kentucky Digital Library.
  26. ^ a b Blackstone, Lillian (September 25, 1938). "'Pack Horse Library' Aids Cumberland Mountain Folk". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ a b "Pictorial News Section". The Courier-Journal. January 27, 1935. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ a b "Taylor County's Need of Books". The Courier-Journal. November 9, 1938. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ "Pack Horse Library". Kingsport Times. November 8, 1938. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ^ "Packhorse Librarian to Broaden Service". The Courier-Journal. March 12, 1939. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^ "Pack Horse Library Project Under Way". Portsmouth Daily Times. April 18, 1939. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ "Need in Kentucky". The Indianapolis Star. November 21, 1937. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ^ Burgess, Anika (August 31, 2017). "These Women Rode Miles on Horseback Just to Deliver Library Books". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  34. ^ "Kentucky's Packhorse Librarians". The Courier-Journal. December 11, 1938. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ^ "Maysville". The Cincinnati Enquirer. April 16, 1941. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ^ "Hotel at Morehead is Razed by Flames". Portsmouth Daily Times. July 5, 1939. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  37. ^ "Pack Horse Library Appeals for Funds". The Courier-Journal. September 17, 1939. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  38. ^ "The Packhorse Library". The Courier-Journal. February 17, 1938. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. ^ "Mrs. M.A. James President of Asheville A.A.U.W. Group". Asheville Citizen-Times. April 28, 1940. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. ^ "Harlan County's 'Book Woman' HitchHikes". The Courier-Journal. August 23, 1936. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ^ "Pack-Horse Library Planned in Pulaski". The Courier-Journal. October 25, 1936. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ^ "WPA Library at Somerset Unique". The Advocate-Messenger. May 4, 1939. Retrieved September 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  43. ^ "The Pack Horse Librarians Of Eastern Kentucky". NPR. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  44. ^ "The Pack Horse Librarians of Eastern Kentucky: The Director's Cut". The Kitchen Sisters. September 24, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2020.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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