Ophrys fusca

Ophrys fusca
	Flower of Ophrys fusca
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Orchidaceae
Subfamily:	Orchidoideae
Genus:	Ophrys
Species:	O. fusca
Binomial name
	Ophrys fusca; Link
Synonyms
	List Arachnites fuscus (Link) Tod.; Arachnites pallidus (Raf.) Tod.; Ophrys achillis P.Delforge; Ophrys africana G.Foelsche & W.Foelsche; Ophrys akhdarensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) P.Delforge; Ophrys aranifera subsp. moesziana Soó; Ophrys arnoldii P.Delforge; Ophrys astypalaeica P.Delforge; Ophrys atlantica Munby; Ophrys atlantica subsp. durieui (Rchb.f.) Maire & Weiller; Ophrys attaviria D.Rückbr., U.Rückbr., Wenker & S.Wenker; Ophrys attaviria var. cesmeensis (Kreutz) P.Delforge; Ophrys attaviria subsp. cesmeensis Kreutz; Ophrys attaviria f. eptapigiensis (Paulus) P.Delforge; Ophrys attaviria f. thracica (Kreutz) P.Delforge; Ophrys bilunulata Risso; Ophrys bilunulata subsp. caesiella (P.Delforge) Paulus; Ophrys bilunulata subsp. kalirachiensis Paulus, M.Hirth & Dimadis; Ophrys bilunulata subsp. punctulata (Renz) Paulus; Ophrys bilunulata subsp. sancti-isidorii (A.Saliaris, Saliaris & A.Alibertis) Paulus; Ophrys blitopertha Paulus & Gack; Ophrys caesiella P.Delforge; Ophrys calocaerina Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Ophrys cesmeensis (Kreutz) P.Delforge; Ophrys cinereophila Paulus & Gack; Ophrys clara F.M.Vázquez & S.Ramos; Ophrys creberrima Paulus; Ophrys cressa Paulus; Ophrys creticola Paulus; Ophrys decembris S.Moingeon & J.-M.Moingeon; Ophrys delforgei vDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Ophrys dianica M.R.Lowe, J.Piera, M.B.Crespo & J.E.Arnold; Ophrys eleonorae Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Ophrys eptapigiensis Paulus; Ophrys fabrella Paulus & Ayasse ex P.Delforge; Ophrys fenarolii Ferlan; Ophrys ficuzzana H.Baumann & Künkele; Ophrys flammeola P.Delforge; Ophrys forestieri Lojac.; Ophrys funerea Viv.; Ophrys fusca subsp. akhdarensis B.Baumann & H.Baumann; Ophrys fusca subsp. arnoldii (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. atlantica (Munby) E.G.Camus; Ophrys fusca subsp. attaviria (D.Rückbr., U.Rückbr., Wenker & S.Wenker) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. bilunulata (Risso) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. caesiella (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. calocaerina (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. cesmeensis (Kreutz) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. clara (F.M.Vázquez & S.Ramos) F.M.Vázquez; Ophrys fusca subsp. creberrima (Paulus) H.Kretzschmar; Ophrys fusca subsp. cressa (Paulus) H.Kretzschmar; Ophrys fusca subsp. creticola (Paulus) H.Kretzschmar; Ophrys fusca subsp. delforgei (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca var. distincta F.M.Vázquez; Ophrys fusca subsp. eptapigiensis (Paulus) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. fabrella (Paulus & Ayasse ex P.Delforge) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. flammeola (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca var. forestieri Rchb.f.; Ophrys fusca subsp. forestieri (Rchb.f.) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. gackiae (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. gazella (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. hespera (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. laureotica Kalog., Delipetrou & A.Alibertis; Ophrys fusca subsp. leucadica (Renz) H.Kretzschmar; Ophrys fusca subsp. limensis F.M.Vázquez; Ophrys fusca subsp. lindia (Paulus) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. lindleyana F.M.Vázquez; Ophrys fusca subsp. lucana (P.Delforge, Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. lucentina (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. lucifera (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. lupercalis (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca var. lutea F.M.Vázquez; Ophrys fusca var. lutescens F.M.Vázquez; Ophrys fusca var. maculata Balayer; Ophrys fusca subsp. maghrebiaca Kreutz, Rebbas, Babali, Miara & Ait-Hamm.; Ophrys fusca subsp. marmorata (G.Foelsche & W.Foelsche) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. minima Balayer; Ophrys fusca subsp. obaesa (Lojac.) E.G.Camus; Ophrys fusca subsp. ortuabis (M.P.Grasso & Manca) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. parosica (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. parvula (Paulus) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. pectus (Mutel) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. peraiolae (G.Foelsche, W.Foelsche, M.Gerbaud & O.Gerbaud) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. perpusilla (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. persephonae (Paulus) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. phaseliana (D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. proxima (C.E.Hermos., Benito & Soca) F.M.Vázquez; Ophrys fusca lusus ramosis F.M.Vázquez; Ophrys fusca var. rubescens Balayer; Ophrys fusca subsp. sabulosa (Paulus & Gack ex P.Delforge) Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. sancti-isidorii A.Saliaris, Saliaris & A.Alibertis; Ophrys fusca subsp. thracica Kreutz; Ophrys fusca subsp. thriptiensis (Paulus) H.Kretzschmar; Ophrys fusca subsp. zonata (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz; Ophrys gackiae P.Delforge; Ophrys × gauthieri nothosubsp. fenarolii (Ferlan) H.Baumann & Künkele; Ophrys gazella Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Ophrys hespera Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Ophrys hospitalis P.Delforge; Ophrys intermedia Tineo ex Lojac.; Ophrys iricolor Desf.; Ophrys iricolor subsp. astypalaeica (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Ophrys iricolor subsp. eleonorae (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Paulus & Gack; Ophrys iricolor subsp. hospitalis (P.Delforge) Mifsud & L.Lewis; Ophrys iricolor subsp. lojaconoi (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Ophrys iricolor subsp. maxima (A.Terracc.) Paulus & Gack; Ophrys iricolor subsp. mesaritica (Paulus, C.Alibertis & A.Alibertis) Kreutz; Ophrys iricolor subsp. vallesiana (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Paulus & Gack; Ophrys kedra Paulus; Ophrys laetea Willk. & Lange; Ophrys leucadica Renz; Ophrys lindia Paulus; Ophrys lindleyana H.Fleischm. ex G.Keller & Soó; Ophrys lojaconoi P.Delforge; Ophrys lucana P.Delforge, Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Ophrys lucentina P.Delforge; Ophrys lucifera Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Ophrys lupercalis Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Ophrys lutea subsp. funerea (Viv.) Batt.; Ophrys lutea subsp. subfusca (Rchb.f.) Murb.; Ophrys lutea var. subfusca Rchb.f.; Ophrys maghrebiaca (Kreutz, Rebbas, Babali, Miara & Ait-Hamm.) P.Delforge; Ophrys malacitana M.R.Lowe, I.Phillips & Paulus; Ophrys marmorata G.Foelsche & W.Foelsche; Ophrys marmorata subsp. caesiella (P.Delforge) Véla & R.Martin; Ophrys meropes P.Delforge; Ophrys mesaritica Paulus, C.Alibertis & A.Alibertis; Ophrys myodes Lapeyr.; Ophrys obaesa Lojac.; Ophrys ortuabis M.P.Grasso & Manca; Ophrys pallida Raf.; Ophrys pallidula Paulus; Ophrys parosica P.Delforge; Ophrys parosica var. phaseliana (D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.) P.Delforge; Ophrys parvula Paulus; Ophrys pectus Mutel; Ophrys peraiolae G.Foelsche, W.Foelsche, M.Gerbaud & O.Gerbaud; Ophrys peraiolae var. rubra G.Foelsche, W.Foelsche, M.Gerbaud & O.Gerbaud; Ophrys perpusilla Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Ophrys persephonae Paulus; Ophrys phaidra Paulus; Ophrys phaseliana D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.; Ophrys pratesii Gennaio, M.Gargiulo, Chetta & Medagli; Ophrys proxima C.E.Hermos., Benito & Soca; Ophrys pseudomigoutiana R.Martin, Véla & Ouni; Ophrys punctulata Renz; Ophrys rueckbrodtiana W.Hahn; Ophrys sabulosa Paulus & Gack ex P.Delforge; Ophrys sancti-isidorii (A.Saliaris, Saliaris & A.Alibertis) P.Delforge; Ophrys sicula var. flammeola (P.Delforge) Hennecke; Ophrys sicula var. urteae (Paulus) Hennecke; Ophrys sphegodes subsp. moesziana (Soó) Maire; Ophrys subfusca (Rchb.f.) Hausskn.; Ophrys subfusca subsp. blitopertha (Paulus & Gack) Kreutz; Ophrys subfusca subsp. cinereophila (Paulus & Gack) Kreutz; Ophrys subfusca subsp. fenarolii (Ferlan) Del Prete; Ophrys subfusca subsp. flammeola (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Ophrys subfusca subsp. lucentina (P.Delforge) Kreutz; Ophrys subfusca subsp. persephonae (Paulus) Kreutz; Ophrys sulcata Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Ophrys theophrasti Devillers & Devillers-Tersch.; Ophrys thracica (Kreutz) Devillers & Devillers-Tersch.; Ophrys thriptiensis Paulus; Ophrys tricolor Desf. ex Nyman; Ophrys urteae Paulus; Ophrys vallesiana Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; Ophrys varinoi Soca; Ophrys zonata Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers; ;

Ophrys fusca, commonly known as the sombre bee-orchid or the dark bee-orchid, is a species of orchid native to the Mediterranean from southwestern Europe and northern Africa to western Asia.^[2]^[3] Most subspecies of the Ophrys fusca are pollinated by males Andrena bees.^[4]

Etymology[edit]

The genus name Ophrys comes from Greek and means 'eyebrow' - a reference to the hairy fringe of the lip of the flower of many orchids in this genus. The specific epithet fusca means 'dusky' or 'brown', while the subspecies name iricolor refers to the iridescent colouring of the speculum.^[5]

Pouyannian mimicry[edit]

The somber bee orchid imitates the appearance of a female common sand bee (Andrena flavipes) to attract males for pollination.^[6] Further pollinators are the sand bee (Andrena nigroaenea) and the spring silk bee (Colletes cunicularius).^[7] This is an example of Pouyannian mimicry

Subspecies[edit]

The following subspecies are currently recognized:^[1]

Ophrys fusca subsp. blitopertha (Paulus & Gack) Faurh. & H.A.Pedersen
Ophrys fusca subsp. cinereophila (Paulus & Gack) Faurh.
Ophrys fusca subsp. durieui (Rchb.f.) Soó
Ophrys fusca subsp. funerea (Viv.) Arcang.
Ophrys fusca subsp. fusca
Ophrys fusca subsp. iricolor (Desf.) K.Richt.
Ophrys fusca subsp. pallida (Raf.) E.G.Camus

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b "Ophrys fusca Link". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Ofride scura, Sombre Bee Orchid
^ Sto¨kl, J.; et al. (June 2005). "Pollinator attracting odour signals in sexually deceptive orchids of the Ophrys fusca group". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 254 (1–2): 105–120. doi:10.1007/s00606-005-0330-8. S2CID 38170087.
^ "Ophrys fusca subsp. iricolor - Rainbow Ophrys". www.first-nature.com. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
^ Jean Claessens (December 11, 2016). Orchid pollination 21: Pseudocopulation of Ophrys araneola by an Andrena-male.
^ Helmut Baumann, Siegfried Künkele und Richard Lorenz: Orchideen Europas mit angrenzenden Gebieten. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006, p 156–160.

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[647906-1-1] "Ophrys fusca Link". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 16 March 2022.

[Tammy-2] Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

[3] Altervista Flora Italiana, Ofride scura, Sombre Bee Orchid

[4] Sto¨kl, J.; et al. (June 2005). "Pollinator attracting odour signals in sexually deceptive orchids of the Ophrys fusca group". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 254 (1–2): 105–120. doi:10.1007/s00606-005-0330-8. S2CID 38170087.

[5] "Ophrys fusca subsp. iricolor - Rainbow Ophrys". www.first-nature.com. Retrieved 2023-01-04.

[6] Jean Claessens (December 11, 2016). Orchid pollination 21: Pseudocopulation of Ophrys araneola by an Andrena-male.

[Baumann-7] Helmut Baumann, Siegfried Künkele und Richard Lorenz: Orchideen Europas mit angrenzenden Gebieten. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006, p 156–160.

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