Micarea

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Micarea
Micarea prasina
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Pilocarpaceae
Genus: Micarea
Fr. (1825)
Type species
Micarea prasina
Fr. (1825)
Synonyms[1]

Micarea is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Pilocarpaceae.[2] The widely distributed genus contains 126 species[3] and new species are described actively. Species in the genus are crustose lichens and their photobiont (the non-fungal organism) is a single-celled green alga.[4]

Taxonomy[edit]

Micarea was circumscribed by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1825 work Systema Orbis Vegetabilis.[5] There have been some taxonomic disputes about the genus.[6] Nowadays, the genus is accepted, although it is paraphyletic and in need of further research.[4] Micarea prasina is the type species of the genus.[7][8]

Reproduction[edit]

Lichenized fungi have developed diverse reproduction strategies. The microlichen genus Micarea is an excellent model for studying the effects of reproductive traits and environmental factors on speciation because it shows intricate variation in substrate requirements and reproduction modes. Certain Micarea species are generalists and able to grow on various substrata, while some are specialized and live in strict microhabitats. Some of the Micarea species are predominately sexual, while some frequently lack sexual structures but bear numerous pycnidia where asexual conidia are produced. The actual roles of the three types of conidia present are not thoroughly understood, but mesoconidia are likely asexual propagules based on, for example, the observation that many of the species are frequently found with only mesopycnidia and no apothecia. Recent phylogenetic analyses together with ancestral state reconstruction among Micarea species showed that the shift in reproduction mode has evolved independently several times within the group and that facultative and obligate lignicoles are sister species.[9] This supports the assumption that the ancestor of these species was a facultative lignicole. It is presumed that a shift in substrate requirement from bark to wood leads to differentiation in reproduction mode and becomes a driver of speciation in Micarea microlichens. The case of Micarea is the first observation that among lichenized fungi reproduction mode is connected to substrate requirement.[9] It is also the first example where such an association is demonstrated to lead to lichen speciation. The main hypothesis behind this phenomenon is that obligate species on dead wood need to colonize new suitable substrata relatively fast and asexual reproduction is a more effective strategy for successful colonisation.[9]

Species[edit]

As of September 2021, Species Fungorum accepts 126 species of Micarea,[3] although this tally does not yet include some recently described taxa, such as four species from montane cloud forests of Kenya.[10]

Micarea denigrata
Micarea hylocomii; scale bar is 0.5 mm
Micarea subconfusa; scale bar is 0.5 mm

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Synonymy: Micarea Fr., Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 256 (1825)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  2. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  3. ^ a b Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+ (14 February 2020). "Micarea". Catalog of Life Version 2021-08-25. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  4. ^ a b Andersen, Heidi L.; Ekman, Stefan (2005). "Disintegration of the Micareaceae (lichenized Ascomycota): a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial rDNA sequences". Mycological Research. 109 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1017/S0953756204001625. PMID 15736860.
  5. ^ Fries, Elias M. (1825). Systema Orbis Vegetabilis (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lund: Typographia Academica. p. 256.
  6. ^ Jørgensen, Per M. (1984). "Coppins, B. J. 1983. A taxonomic study of the lichen genus Micarea in Europe. – Bull". Nordic Journal of Botany. 4 (4): 544. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1984.tb02061.x.
  7. ^ Coppins, B.J. (1989). "(945) Proposal to conserve Micarea Fries (Dec. 1825) against Micarea Fries (pre-May 1825) (Fungi)". Taxon. 38 (3): 499–501. doi:10.2307/1222305. JSTOR 1222305.
  8. ^ "Index Fungorum - Names Record - Micarea". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  9. ^ a b c Kantelinen, Annina; Prinzen, Christian; Poczai, Péter; Myllys, Leena (2022). "Lichen speciation is sparked by a substrate requirement shift and reproduction mode differentiation". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 11048. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1211048K. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14970-9. PMC 9247095. PMID 35773369.
  10. ^ a b c d e Kantelinen, Annina; Hyvärinen, Marko T.; Kirika, Paul; Myllys, Leena (2021). "Four new Micarea species from the montane cloud forests of Taita Hills, Kenya". The Lichenologist. 53 (1): 81–94. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000511. hdl:10138/329202. S2CID 232199934.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Coppins, B.J. (1983). "A taxonomic study of the lichen genus Micarea in Europe". Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 11: 108.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Guzow-Krzemińska, Beata; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; van den Boom, Pieter P.G.; Brand, A. Maarten; Launis, Annina; Łubek, Anna; Kukwa, Martin (2019). "Understanding the evolution of phenotypical characters in the Micarea prasina group (Pilocarpaceae) and descriptions of six new species within the group". MycoKeys. 57: 1–30. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.57.33267. PMC 6685933. PMID 31406483.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Brand, A. Maarten; van Den Boom, Pieter P. G.; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (2014). "Unveiling a surprising diversity in the lichen genus Micarea (Pilocarpaceae) in Réunion (Mascarenes archipelago, Indian Ocean)" (PDF). The Lichenologist. 46 (3): 413–439. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000911. S2CID 53633834.
  14. ^ a b van den Boom, Pieter; Etayo, Javier; de Silanes, M. Eugenia López (2023). "Notes on lichenicolous Micarea species in Spain and Macaronesia, with the descriptions of two new species". Nova Acta Científica Compostelana: 1–7. doi:10.15304/nacc.id8595. ISSN 2340-0021. S2CID 258978385.
  15. ^ McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (2016). "A new species of Micarea (lichenized Ascomycota, Pilocarpaceae) from alpine Australia". Telopea. 19: 31–36. doi:10.7751/telopea10360. S2CID 54692861.
  16. ^ a b c d Coppins, B. J.; Kantvilas, G. (2007). "Studies on Micarea in Australasia I. Four new species from Tasmania". The Lichenologist. 22 (3): 277–288. doi:10.1017/S0024282990000317. S2CID 86437624.
  17. ^ van den Boom, P.P.G. (2013). "Further new or interesting lichens and lichenicolous Fungi of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)" (PDF). Stapfia. 99: 52–60.
  18. ^ Svensson, Måns; Thor, Göran (2011). "Micarea capitata, a new bryophilous lichen from Sweden". The Lichenologist. 43 (5): 401–405. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000338. S2CID 87590839.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kantvilas, Gintaras; Coppins, Brian J. (2019). "Studies on Micarea in Australasia II. A synopsis of the genus in Tasmania, with the description of ten new species". The Lichenologist. 51 (5): 431–481. doi:10.1017/S0024282919000343. S2CID 209561471.
  20. ^ Hedlund, T. (1892). "Kritische Bemerkungen über einige Arten der. Flechtengattungen Lecanora (Ach.), Lecidea (Ach.) und Micarea (Fr.)". Bihang Til Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar (in German). 18 (3): 83, 96.
  21. ^ Tønsberg, T. (1992). "The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway". Sommerfeltia. 14: 215. doi:10.2478/som-1992-0002. S2CID 129988279.
  22. ^ a b c d Launis, A.; Pykälä, J.; van den Boom, P.; Sérusiaux, E.; Myllis, L. (2019). "Four new epiphytic species in the Micarea prasina group from Europe". The Lichenologist. 51 (1): 7–25. doi:10.1017/S0024282918000555. hdl:10138/326194. S2CID 92587452.
  23. ^ a b Coppins, B.J. (1995). "Two new, diminutive Micarea species from Western Europe". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 58: 57–62.
  24. ^ a b Launis, Annina; Malíček, Jiří; Svensson, Måns; Tsurykau, Andrei; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; Myllys, Leena (2019). "Sharpening species boundaries in the Micarea prasina group, with a new circumscription of the type species M. prasina". Mycologia. 111 (4): 574–592. doi:10.1080/00275514.2019.1603044. hdl:10138/326192. PMID 31099728. S2CID 157059113.
  25. ^ Launis, Annina; Myllys, Leena (2019). "Micarea fennica, a new lignicolous lichen species from Finland". Phytotaxa. 409 (3): 179–188. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.409.3.6. S2CID 199634526.
  26. ^ van den Boom, Pieter P.G.; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Ertz, Damien (2017). "New or interesting records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Panama, with descriptions of ten new species". Sydowia. 69 (69): 47–72. doi:10.12905/0380.sydowia69-2017-0047.
  27. ^ a b c van den Boom, Pieter P.G.; Brand, A. Maarten; Coppins, Brian John; Sérusiaux, Emmanuel (2017). "Two new species in the Micarea prasina group from Western Europe". The Lichenologist. 49 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1017/S0024282916000633. hdl:2268/206810. S2CID 90264829.
  28. ^ Elix, John A.; McCarthy, Patrick M. (2018). "Ten new lichen species (Ascomycota) from Australia" (PDF). Australasian Lichenology. 82: 20–59.
  29. ^ Poelt, J.; Döbbeler, P. (1975). "Über moosparasitische Arten der Flechtengattung Micarea und Vezdaea". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. 96 (1–4): 328–352.
  30. ^ Czarnota, Paweł; Coppins, Brian J. (2005). "A second Micarea with a hypothecial K+ violet pigment". The Lichenologist. 37 (6): 477–479. doi:10.1017/S0024282905015318. S2CID 84570386.
  31. ^ Kantvilas, G. (2018). "Micarea kartana sp. nov. (lichenised Ascomycetes) from Kangaroo Island, South Australia". Swainsona. 31 (4): 55–58.
  32. ^ Brackel, W. von (2016). "Eine neue flechtenbewohnende Micarea-Art aus Baden-Württemberg". Carolinea (in German). 74: 5–9.
  33. ^ Coppins, B.J. (1988). "Two new Micarea species from Europe". Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh. 45 (1): 161–169.
  34. ^ a b van den Boom, Pieter; Guzow-Krzemińska, Beata; Kukwa, Martin (2020). "Two new Micarea species (Pilocarpaceae) from Western Europe". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65: 189–199. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0014.
  35. ^ Coppins, B.J.; May, P.F. (2007). "Micarea neostipitata, a new species with pale stipitate pycnidia from eastern North America". The Lichenologist. 33 (6): 487–490. doi:10.1006/lich.2001.0350. S2CID 84976676.
  36. ^ Fryday, A.M. (2004). "New species and records of lichenized fungi from Campbell Island and the Auckland Islands, New Zealand". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 88: 127–146.
  37. ^ Sérusiaux, E.; Coppins, B.J. (2009). "Micarea sipmanii, a new species with arbuscular pycnidia from the West Indies". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 99: 367–372.
  38. ^ Coppins, B.J.; James, P.W. (2007). "New or interesting British lichens IV". The Lichenologist. 11 (2): 139–179. doi:10.1017/S0024282979000190. S2CID 131014773.
  39. ^ Coppins, Brian J.; Spribille, Toby (2004). "Micarea subalpina Coppins & Spribille, a new subalpine species from the Rocky Mountains, USA". The Lichenologist. 36 (2): 97–102. doi:10.1017/S0024282904014070. S2CID 86337116.
  40. ^ Czarnota, P. (2007). "The lichen genus Micarea (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) in Poland". Polish Botanical Studies. 23: 174.
  41. ^ van den Boom, Pieter P.G.; Ertz, Damien (2014). "A new species of Micarea (Pilocarpaceae) from Madeira growing on Usnea". The Lichenologist. 46 (3): 295–301. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000698. S2CID 86484660.
  42. ^ Coppins, B.J. (1985). "A new Micarea from the Scottish Highlands". The Lichenologist. 17 (1): 99–101. doi:10.1017/S002428298500010X. S2CID 85373325.
  43. ^ CórdovaÇhávez, Octavio; Aptroot, André; Castillo-Campos, Gonzalo; Cáceres, Marcela E.S; Pérez-Pérez, Rosa Emilia (2014). "Three new lichen species from cloud forest in Veracruz, Mexico". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 35 (2): 157–162. doi:10.7872/crym.v35.iss2.2014.157. S2CID 86296849.
  44. ^ van den Boom, P.P.G.; Coppins, B.J. (2001). "Micarea viridileprosa sp. nov., an overlooked lichen species from western Europe". The Lichenologist. 33 (2): 87–91. doi:10.1006/lich.2000.0310. S2CID 85695379.
  45. ^ Coppins, B.J.; Tønsberg, T. (2001). "A new xanthone-containing Micarea from northwest Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North America". The Lichenologist. 33 (2): 93–96. doi:10.1006/lich.2000.0311. S2CID 85623314.
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