List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
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This is a list of cells in humans derived from the three embryonic germ layers – ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Cells derived from ectoderm[edit]
Surface ectoderm[edit]
Skin[edit]
Anterior pituitary[edit]
Tooth enamel[edit]
Neural crest[edit]
Peripheral nervous system[edit]
Neuroendocrine system[edit]
Skin[edit]
Teeth[edit]
Eyes[edit]
Neural tube[edit]
Central nervous system[edit]
- Neuron
- Glia
- Astrocyte
- Ependymocytes
- Muller glia (retina)
- Oligodendrocyte
- Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
- Pituicyte (posterior pituitary)
Pineal gland[edit]
Cells derived from mesoderm[edit]
Paraxial mesoderm[edit]
Mesenchymal stem cell[edit]
Osteochondroprogenitor cell[edit]
- Bone (Osteoblast → Osteocyte)
- Cartilage (Chondroblast → Chondrocyte)
Myofibroblast[edit]
- Fat
- Muscle
- Other
Other[edit]
- Digestive system
Intermediate mesoderm[edit]
Renal stem cell[edit]
- Angioblast → Endothelial cell
- Mesangial cell
- Juxtaglomerular cell
- Macula densa cell
- Stromal cell → Interstitial cell → Telocytes
- Simple epithelial cell → Podocyte
- Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell
Reproductive system[edit]
- Sertoli cell
- Leydig cell
- Granulosa cell
- Peg cell
- Germ cells (which migrate here primordially)
Lateral plate mesoderm[edit]
Hematopoietic stem cell[edit]
Circulatory system[edit]
- Endothelial progenitor cell
- Endothelial colony forming cell
- Endothelial stem cell
- Angioblast/Mesoangioblast
- Pericyte
- Mural cell
Body cavities[edit]
Cells derived from endoderm[edit]
Foregut[edit]
Respiratory system[edit]
Digestive system[edit]
Stomach[edit]
Intestine[edit]
Liver[edit]
Gallbladder[edit]
Exocrine component of pancreas[edit]
Islets of Langerhans[edit]
- alpha cell
- beta cell
- delta cell
- PP cell (F cell, gamma cell)
- epsilon cell
Pharyngeal pouch[edit]
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
Hindgut/cloaca[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Hockman, Dorit; Burns, Alan J; Schlosser, Gerhard; Gates, Keith P; Jevans, Benjamin; Mongera, Alessandro; Fisher, Shannon; Unlu, Gokhan; Knapik, Ela W; Kaufman, Charles K; Mosimann, Christian; Zon, Leonard I; Lancman, Joseph J; Dong, P Duc S; Lickert, Heiko; Tucker, Abigail S; Baker, Clare V H (2017). "Evolution of the hypoxia-sensitive cells involved in amniote respiratory reflexes". eLife. 6: e21231. doi:10.7554/eLife.21231. PMC 5438250. PMID 28387645.
- ^ Nilsson M, Williams D (July 2016). "On the Origin of Cells and Derivation of Thyroid Cancer: C Cell Story Revisited". European Thyroid Journal. 5 (2): 79–93. doi:10.1159/000447333. PMC 4949372. PMID 27493881.