Lamium galeobdolon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Yellow archangel
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Lamium
Species:
L. galeobdolon
Binomial name
Lamium galeobdolon
(L.) L.[1]
Synonyms[2][3][4][5][6]
Lamium galeobdolon
    • Neckeria galeobdolon (L.) Forsyth f.
    • Galeobdolon galeobdolon (L.) H.Karst.
    • Galeopsis galeobdolon L.
    • Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek
    • Leonurus galeobdolon (L.) Scop.
    • Pollichia galeobdolon (L.) Schrank
L. g. subsp. argentatum
    • Galeobdolon argentatum Smejkal
    • Lamiastrum argentatum (Smejkal) Soják
    • Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. argentatum (Smejkal) Stace
    • Lamium argentatum (Smejkal) Henker ex G.H.Loos
    • Lamium galeobdolon f. argentatum (Smejkal) Mennema
L. g. subsp. flavidum
    • Galeobdolon flavidum (F.Herm.) Holub
    • Lamiastrum flavidum (F.Herm.) Ehrend.
    • Lamium flavidum F.Herm.
    • Lamium pallidum F.Herm.
L. g. subsp. galeobdolon
    • Cardiaca sylvatica Lam.
    • Galeobdolon luteum Huds.
    • Galeobdolon luteum var. albomaculatum Salter ex J.Dix
    • Galeobdolon luteum var. regulare Gray
    • Galeobdolon umbrosum Wibel
    • Galeobdolon vulgare (Pers.) Pers.
    • Galeopsis lutea Gilib.
    • Lamium cavernianum Losa
    • Lamium luteum Krock.
    • Lamium vulgare (Pers.) Fritsch
    • Pollichia longicaulis Krock.
    • Pollichia vulgaris Pers.
L. g. subsp. montanum
    • Galeobdolon endtmannii (G.H.Loos) Holub
    • Galeobdolon luteum proles montanum (Pers.) Rouy
    • Galeobdolon luteum var. florentinum Silva Tar.
    • Galeobdolon luteum var. montanum (Pers.) Gray
    • Galeobdolon luteum subsp. montanum (Pers.) R.R.Mill
    • Galeobdolon montanum (Pers.) Rchb.
    • Galeopsis galeobdolon var. montanum (Pers.) Lej.
    • Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. montanum (Pers.) Ehrend. & Polatschek
    • Lamiastrum montanum (Pers.) Ehrend.
    • Lamium endtmannii G.H.Loos
    • Lamium galeobdolon var. montanum (Pers.) Pers.
    • Lamium galeobdolon f. montanum (Pers.) Bolzon
    • Lamium montanum subsp. endtmannii (G.H.Loos) G.H.Loos
    • Lamium montanum var. florentinum (Silva Tar.) Buttler & Schippm.
    • Lamium montanum (Pers.) Hoffm. ex Kabath
    • Pollichia montana Pers.

Lamium galeobdolon (gah-lay-OB-dough-lon), the yellow archangel, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae. It is native to Europe and western Asia but it is widely introduced in North America and elsewhere. It is the only species in the genus Lamium with yellow flowers. Another common name for this species is golden dead-nettle. In New Zealand, it is called the aluminium plant or artillery plant. The common names archangel and dead-nettle have been in use for hundreds of years, dating back to at least the 16th century.

Lamium galeobdolon consists of four closely-related subspecies, one of which is the variegated yellow archangel (Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum), an invasive subspecies in several European countries. Lamium galeobdolon is also invasive in New Zealand, Canada, and the United States, but in those countries the subspecies is unknown.

Description[edit]

Lamium galeobdolon sensu lato is a large-leaved perennial plant with square stems growing from 15 to 60 cm (6 to 24 in) tall. The paired opposite leaves are stalked with toothed margins. The leaves may or may not have silvery markings (an important character used to distinguish subspecies). The inflorescence is a pseudo-whorl of 4–16 flowers (called a verticillaster) clustered around the axil of a leaf-pair. Each flower has bilateral symmetry (zygomorphic). The calyx is five-lobed and the corolla is yellow with a prominent hood. The flower’s lower lip has three lobes with the central lobe often streaked with orange. There are two short stamens and two long ones. A pair of fused carpels give rise to a four-chambered schizocarp.[7][8]

Identification[edit]

Subspecies of Lamium galeobdolon sensu lato are the only taxa in the genus with yellow flowers. All of the subspecies are stoloniferous except subsp. flavidum. The invasive subsp. argentatum is readily distinguished by its silvery white variegated leaves. Lamium galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon and subsp. montanum can be difficult to distinguish but assuming the plant in question is in full flower, subsp. galeobdolon has a maximum of six (rarely seven) flowers per verticillaster while subsp. montanum averages ten flowers per verticillaster.[9]

Lamium galeobdolon subsp. flavidum is characterized by the lack of stolons, frequently branched fertile stems with upright flowering lateral shoots, and 10–16 small flowers per verticillaster.[7][10] An identification key for the remaining taxa follows:[11]

Identification Key
Lamium galeobdolon sensu lato in Central Europe
1a. Leaves and bracts (except for the uppermost) with a distinct silvery pattern (two flexuous bands along the midrib) persisting year around, bracts with wide apical teeth; flowers relatively large
 Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum
1b. Leaves generally without silvery pattern (if present, then never forming two continuous flexuous bands along the midrib); apical teeth of bracts mostly narrower; flowers relatively smaller
 2
2a. The uppermost bracts ovate, generally less than twice as long as wide, with more-or-less equally distributed marginal teeth, apical tooth short and obtuse, lowermost bracts narrower or only slightly wider than the uppermost ones; the uppermost leaves shortly petiolate; verticillasters few-flowered (maximum number of flowers usually 4–7)
 Lamium galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon
2b. The uppermost bracts lanceolate, more than twice as long as wide, marginal teeth towards the apex more separated, apical tooth long and acute; lowermost bracts mostly distinctly wider than the uppermost ones; the uppermost leaves with longer petioles; maximum number of flowers in verticillasters generally 6–14
 Lamium galeobdolon subsp. montanum

Other taxa in the group can have marked leaves but those of subsp. argentatum are distinctive:[12]

Permanent silvery pattern on leaf lamina in L. argentatum always forms two flexuous bands along the midrib, mostly not interrupted by the lateral veins. They are distinctive particularly from the late autumn to the early spring when a contrast brownish-maroon colouring develops on the abaxial side and extends to the midrib-zone of the upper leaf side. Although variegated leaves were frequently observed in all other taxa in our study, they never matched the description above. Silvery-grey markings constituted merely separate splashes or flecks (small-sized in L. montanum and L. flavidum, larger in L. galeobdolon), not merged into continuous bands. Thus, a combination of two distinct silvery flexuous bands together with a strong chocolate-maroon zone along the midrib in winter can be regarded as specific L. argentatum markers.

— Rosenbaumová, Plačková & Suda (2004)

In particular, a cultivar of subsp. flavidum known as 'Hermans Pride' has silver-spotted leaves,[13] but even though the markings are unlike those of subsp. argentatum, the two taxa are sometimes confused.

The base chromosome number of taxa in genus Lamium is x = 9.[14] Lamium galeobdolon subsp. flavidum and subsp. galeobdolon are diploid (2n = 2x = 18) while subsp. argentatum and subsp. montanum are tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36). A few triploid individuals have been reported.[15] The triploids are thought to be natural hybrids between diploid subsp. galeobdolon and tetraploid subsp. argentatum.[16]

Taxonomy[edit]

Lamium galeobdolon was first described as Galeopsis galeobdolon by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[17] Linnaeus himself placed Galeopsis galeobdolon in the genus Lamium in 1759, and therefore the correct name is Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L.[1][18]

Most authorities with a global scope recognize four closely-related taxa, either as subspecies of Lamium galeobdolon,[2][19][20] or as full species in genus Lamium,[7] in which case the group of taxa is referred to as Lamium subgen. Galeobdolon.[21] Some authorities segregate the species into other genera (either Galeobdolon or Lamiastrum) but genus Lamium remains monophyletic in any case.[22]

Subpecies Species complexes
Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum (Smejkal) J.Duvign. Lamium argentatum (Smejkal) Henker ex G.H.Loos Galeobdolon argentatum Smejkal Lamiastrum argentatum (Smejkal) Soják
Lamium galeobdolon subsp. flavidum (F.Herm.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Lamium flavidum F.Herm. Galeobdolon flavidum (F.Herm.) Holub Lamiastrum flavidum (F.Herm.) Ehrend.
Lamium galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. sensu stricto Galeobdolon galeobdolon (L.) H.Karst. Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek
Lamium galeobdolon subsp. montanum (Pers.) Hayek
Basionym: Pollichia montana Pers. 		Lamium montanum (Pers.) Hoffm. ex Kabath Galeobdolon montanum (Pers.) Rchb. Lamiastrum montanum (Pers.) Ehrend.

Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum was first described as Galeobdolon argentatum by the Czech botanist Miroslav Smejkal in 1975.[23] In a comprehensive and influential treatment of genus Lamium published in 1989,[24] the Dutch botanist Jacob Mennema reduced the species to forma and placed it in synonymy with Lamium galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon. Hence subsp. argentatum was neglected for a long time and its invasion history is poorly documented.[25]

Most North American authorities recognize a single taxon, referred to as either Lamium galeobdolon or Lamiastrum galeobdolon. Multiple taxa are not recognized in North America.[26][27][28][29][30] Authors that follow Mennema's taxonomy refer to either Lamium galeobdolon sensu lato or Lamium galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon.[31][32][33]

There are a number of closely related taxa that hybridize with L. galeobdolon and in some cases are not unequivocally accepted as distinct species but considered subspecies or varieties by many authors.[citation needed] Most well known among these is variegated yellow archangel (subsp. argentatum), whose leaves often have variegation, showing as silver patches arranged as a wide semicircle. This, and in particular its large-flowered and even stronger-marked cultivar 'Variegatum', is the taxon most often met with as a garden escapee.

Etymology[edit]

Both the generic name Lamium and the specific name galeobdolon were used by Pliny the Elder in the first century AD.[34] The name galeobdolon has several possible origins.[35] It may come from the Latin words galeo meaning "to cover with a helmet" and dolon meaning "a fly's sting", or it may come from the Greek words galen meaning "weasel" and bdolos meaning "fetid smell". The latter interpretation is likely the source of the common name yellow weasel-snout.[36]

The common names archangel and dead-nettle have been in use for hundreds of years. In 1578, the Flemish physician and botanist Rembert Dodoens observed that "Dead nettell groweth every where".[37] The English herbalist John Gerard used the word "archangel" in 1633.[38] Gerard believed the dead-nettles were so-named because their leaves resembled those of the true nettles in the family Urticaceae.[39] The names "Arch-Angel" and "Dead Nettle" appear in the book The English Physitian (also known as the Complete Herbal) published by the English botanist and herbalist Nicholas Culpeper in 1652. Both Dodoens and Gerard believed the name "archangel" referred to members of genus Lamium with "clusters of hooded flowers at the nodes rising along the stems like a choir of robed figures".[40] Others believe the name refers to the wing-like shape of its paired opposite leaves.[35]

Distribution[edit]

Lamium galeobdolon sensu lato is native to Europe, western Asia, and portions of the Middle East. It ranges northeast of Europe as far as the West Siberian Plain and southeast to Iran.[2] Lamium galeobdolon subsp. flavidum is native to the Alps, northern Italy, and the mountain ranges northeast of the Adriatic Sea. The remaining subspecies have a center of distribution in Central Europe.[10]

Lamium galeobdolon sensu lato is widely introduced in Europe, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States,[2][29] but authorities disagree about the distribution of introduced subspecies. As of April 2024, Plants of the World Online (POWO) claims that Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum has been introduced in Great Britain, Ireland, and Italy,[3] but since subsp. argentatum is reported to be introduced in the Netherlands and Switzerland,[41][42] the list is incomplete. POWO also claims that Lamium galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon has been introduced in Madeira, New Zealand (both North Island and South Island), and the United States.[5] However, authoritative sources based in North America implicitly refer to Lamium galeobdolon sensu lato,[26][27][28][29][30] so POWO's claim is unsubstantiated. The list of U.S. states where Lamium galeobdolon sensu lato is said to occur varies dramatically depending on the source.

Ecology[edit]

Lamium galeobdolon sensu lato (also known as Lamiastrum galeobdolon) has been widely introduced as a garden plant, especially in New Zealand, Canada, and the United States where it has escaped cultivation and become an invasive species. In New Zealand, it is listed by the 2020 National Pest Plant Accord and therefore banned from sale, propagation, and distribution throughout the country.[43][44][45] It is also listed by the Invasive Species Council of British Columbia in Canada.[46] In the U.S. state of Washington, it is listed as a Class B Noxious Weed and therefore banned from sale by state law.[47][48][49] It is also a B-listed Noxious Weed in the state of Oregon.[50]

The variegated yellow archangel (Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum) has become an invasive subspecies in several European countries. In the Netherlands, subspecies argentatum was introduced as an ornamental ground cover, and by 1985 it had become naturalized and recorded in more localities than the native subspecies galeobdolon.[41] It is also invasive in Britain where it spreads by stolons at the rate of 1–2 meters per growing season.[51] In Switzerland, subspecies argentatum tripled its occurrence in four decades (1980–2020) while exhibiting "a higher growth rate and regeneration capacity" than the native subspecies galeobdolon.[42]

Based on morphological characters, number of chromosomes, pattern of geographical distribution, and phytochemistry, early botanists hypothesized that the tetraploid subsp. montanum originated as a hybrid between the two diploid taxa, subsp. flavidum and subsp. galeobdolon.[52] However, more recent phylogenetic data suggests that subsp. montanum originated from subsp. flavidum alone. Similarly, there is conflicting evidence regarding the origins of the tetraploid subsp. argentatum suggesting that it may or may not have originated from subsp. galeobdolon alone.[53]

Gallery[edit]

  • Botanical illustration of Lamium galeobdolon published in 1796 by Johann Georg Sturm
    Botanical illustration by Johann Georg Sturm (1796)
  • Flower cluster of Lamium galeobdolon with yellow petals, hooded flowers, and unequal stamens
    Flower cluster with yellow petals, hooded flowers, and unequal stamens
  • Lamium galeobdolon with silvery white variegated leaves growing in Jūrmala, Latvia
    Leaves with silvery white variegated markings growing in Jūrmala, Latvia
  • Cluster of plants of Lamium galeobdolon with yellow flowers and silvery white variegated leaves
    Cluster of plants with yellow flowers and silvery white variegated leaves
  • Lamium galeobdolon with yellow flowers growing in Hungary
    Plants with yellow flowers growing in Hungary

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d "Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum (Smejkal) J.Duvign.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  4. ^ "Lamium galeobdolon subsp. flavidum (F.Herm.) Á.Löve & D.Löve". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Lamium galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  6. ^ "Lamium galeobdolon subsp. montanum (Pers.) Hayek". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  7. ^ a b c Meyer, Thomas. "Taubnesselarten mit gelber Krone" [Deadnettle species with yellow crown]. Flora-de: Flora of Germany (in German). Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  8. ^ "Yellow archangel: Lamiastrum galeobdolon". NatureGate. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  9. ^ Rosenbaumová, Plačková & Suda (2004), p. 234.
  10. ^ a b Rosenbaumová, Plačková & Suda (2004), p. 220.
  11. ^ Rosenbaumová, Plačková & Suda (2004), pp. 236–237.
  12. ^ Rosenbaumová, Plačková & Suda (2004), p. 235.
  13. ^ "Lamium galeobdolon 'Hermans Pride'". Plants To Grow. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  14. ^ Mennema (1989), pp. 12–13.
  15. ^ Rosenbaumová, Plačková & Suda (2004), pp. 220, 223–225.
  16. ^ Rosenbaumová, Plačková & Suda (2004), pp. 231–233.
  17. ^ "Galeopsis galeobdolon L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  18. ^ Mennema (1989), p. 41.
  19. ^ "Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L.". WFO Plant List. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  20. ^ "Lamium galeobdolon". Euro+Med Plantbase. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  21. ^ Rosenbaumová, Plačková & Suda (2004).
  22. ^ Bendiksby et al. (2011), p. 995.
  23. ^ "Galeobdolon argentatum Smejkal". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  24. ^ Mennema (1989).
  25. ^ "Lamium galeobdolon". Manual of the Alien Plants of Belgium. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  26. ^ a b "Lamium galeobdolon". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  27. ^ a b "Lamiastrum galeobdolon". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  28. ^ a b USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Lamiastrum galeobdolon". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  29. ^ a b c "Lamium galeobdolon (Linnaeus) Linnaeus". Canadensys. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  30. ^ a b Weakley, Alan S.; Southeastern Flora Team (2024). "Lamium galeobdolon (Linnaeus) Linnaeus". Flora of the southeastern United States. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  31. ^ Gilman (2015), p. 468.
  32. ^ Haines (2011), p. 639.
  33. ^ "Lamium galeobdolon — yellow henbit". Go Botany. Native Plant Trust. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  34. ^ Gledhill (2008), pp. 174, 229.
  35. ^ a b "Lamium galeobdolon". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  36. ^ Lees, Edwin. The Botany of Malvern Hills, in the counties of Worcester, Hereford, and Gloucester. London: David Bogue. p. 61.
  37. ^ DeFelice (2005), p. 770.
  38. ^ DeFelice (2005), p. 771.
  39. ^ DeFelice (2005), pp. 768–769.
  40. ^ DeFelice (2005), p. 768.
  41. ^ a b Mennema (1989), p. 45.
  42. ^ a b Rusterholz, Huber & Baur (2023).
  43. ^ National Pest Plant Accord. New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries. February 2020. ISBN 978-1-99-001784-1. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  44. ^ "Lamium galeobdolon". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  45. ^ "Aluminium Plant". Biosecurity New Zealand. Archived from the original on 2017-02-27. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  46. ^ "Yellow archangel (Lamiastrum galeobdolon)". Invasive Species Council of British Columbia. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  47. ^ "Yellow Archangel". Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  48. ^ "Written findings on Lamiastrum galeobdolon" (PDF). Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. 31 October 2005. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  49. ^ "Yellow archangel". KingCounty.gov. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  50. ^ "Yellow archangel Lamiastrum galeobdolon" (PDF). Oregon Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  51. ^ Taylor & Glaister (2018).
  52. ^ Mennema (1989), pp. 13–14.
  53. ^ Bendiksby et al. (2011), p. 996.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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