Javanese orthography
 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (February 2024) |
Javanese Latin alphabet is Latin script used for writing the Javanese language. Prior to the introduction of Latin script, Javanese was written in Javanese script (hanacaraka).
The Latin script was introduced during Dutch colonial period which exhibited the influence of Dutch orthography. Since the introduction of Latin script, the Javanese orthography in Latin script has undergone several orthographic reforms.
The alphabet is generally the same as the Indonesian alphabet. There are six digraphs: dh, kh, ng, ny, sy, and th, and five letters with diacritics: å, é, ě, ó and ú.
Alphabet[edit]
| Letter | Name | Letter | Name | Letter | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A a | a | J j | jé | S s | ès |
| B b | bé | K k | ka | T t | té |
| C c | cé | L l | èl | U u | u |
| D d | dé | M m | èm | V v | fé |
| E e | é | N n | èn | W w | wé |
| F f | èf | O o | o | X x | èks |
| G g | gé | P p | pé | Y y | yé |
| H h | ha | Q q | ki | Z z | zèt |
| I i | i | R r | èr |
Sound and Spelling Correlation[edit]
| Sriwedari (1927) | Indonesian (1991) | Suriname (1986) | Sound (IPA) |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | â | /a/ | |
| a | /ɔ/ | In open final syllables, or open penultimates followed by another open <Aa>. Depends on dialect. Sometimes written as <Oo>. Sometimes <Åå> is used to distinguish it from /a/ | ||
| b | b | b | /b̥/ | |
| tj | c | ty | /tʃ/ | |
| d | d | d | /d̪̥/ | |
| ḍ | dh | d | /ɖ̥/ | |
| e | e | e | /ə/ | Sometimes <Ěě> is used |
| /e/ | In open syllables. Sometimes <Èè> or <Ee> is used to distinguish it from /ə/ | |||
| /ɛ/ | In closed syllable, or when followed by an open /i u/. Sometimes <Éé> is used to distinguish it from /ə/ | |||
| f | f | f | /f/ | Only used in loanwords |
| g | g | g | /ɡ̊/ | |
| h | h | h | /h/ | |
| i | i | i | /i/ | In open syllables. |
| /ɪ/ | In closed syllable. | |||
| dj | j | j | /dʒ̊/ | |
| k | k | k | /k/ | |
| l | l | l | /l/ | |
| m | m | m | /m/ | |
| n | n | n | /n/ | |
| ng | ng | ng | /ŋ/ | |
| nj | ny | ny | /ɲ/ | |
| o | o | o | /o/ | In open syllables. |
| /ɔ/ | In closed syllable, or when followed by an open /i u/. Sometimes <Óó> is used to distinguish it from /o/ | |||
| p | p | p | /p/ | |
| q | q | q | /q/ | Only used in loanwords. |
| r | r | r | /r/ | |
| s | s | s | /s/ | |
| t | t | t | /t̪/ | |
| ṭ | th | t | /ʈ/ | |
| oe | u | u | /u/ | In open syllables. |
| /ʊ/ | In closed syllables. Sometimes <Úú> is used to distinguish it from /u/ | |||
| v | v | v | /v/ | Only used in loanwords. |
| w | w | w | /w/ | |
| x | x | x | /x/ | Only used in loanwords. |
| j | y | y | /j/ | |
| z | z | z | /z/ | Only used in loanwords. |
Relation with Javanese script[edit]
- (h)a - ꦲ or ꦄ (A)
- b(a) - ꦧ
- c(a) - ꦕ
- d(a) - ꦢ
- dh(a) - ꦝ
- é and è - ꦲꦺ or ꦌ (É/È)
- (h)e - ꦲꦼ
- f(a) - foreign letter ꦥ꦳
- g(a) - ꦒ
- h(a) - ꦲ
- (h)i - ꦲꦶ or ꦆ (I)
- j(a) - ꦗ
- k(a) - ꦏ
- l(a) - ꦭ
- m(a) - ꦩ
- n(a) - ꦤ
- ny(a) - ꦚ
- ng(a) - ꦔ
- (h)o - ꦲꦺꦴ or ꦎ (O)
- p(a) - ꦥ
- q(a) - Sasak letter ꦐ
- r(a) - ꦫ
- s(a) - ꦱ
- t(a) - ꦠ
- th(a) - ꦛ
- (h)u - ꦲꦸ or ꦈ (U)
- v(a) - foreign letter ꦮ꦳
- w(a) - ꦮ
- x(a) - Approximated by ꦏ꧀ꦱ
- y(a) - ꦪ
- z(a) - foreign letter ꦗ꦳
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- (in Indonesian) Pedoman Bahasa Jawa yang Disempurnakan (1977)