Comparison of orbital launch systems

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Soyuz-U, the most prolific orbital launch system in history

This comparison of orbital launch systems lists the attributes of all individual rocket configurations designed to reach orbit. A first list contains rockets that are operational or in development as of 2023; a second list includes all upcoming rockets and a third list includes all retired rockets. For the simple list of all conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fueled orbital launch systems, see: Comparison of solid-fueled orbital launch systems.

Spacecraft propulsion[note 1] is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have been chemical rockets falling into one of three main categories:

  • Solid-propellant rockets or solid-fuel rockets have a motor that uses solid propellants, typically a mix of powdered fuel and oxidizer held together by a polymer binder and molded into the shape of a hollow cylinder. The cylinder is ignited from the inside and burns radially outward, with the resulting expanding gases and aerosols escaping out via the nozzle.[note 2]
  • Liquid-propellant rockets have a motor that feeds liquid propellant(s) into a combustion chamber. Most liquid engines use a bipropellant, consisting of two liquid propellants (fuel and oxidizer) which are stored and handled separately before being mixed and burned inside the combustion chamber.
  • Hybrid-propellant rockets use a combination of solid and liquid propellant, typically involving a liquid oxidizer being pumped through a hollow cylinder of solid fuel.

All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (solid-fuel or liquid bipropellant) for launch, though some[note 3] have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.[note 4]

Current rockets[edit]

Orbits legend:

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Height Maximum payload mass
(kg) 		Reusable / Expendable Orbital
launches
including
failures[a] 		Launch site(s) Dates of flight
LEO GTO Other First Latest
Angara A5 / Briz-M  Russia Khrunichev 48 m 24,500[1] 5,400[2] N/A Expendable 2[1] 2014 2020
Angara A5 / Block DM-03  Russia Khrunichev 54.9 m N/A TBA N/A Expendable 2[1] 2021 2024
Angara 1.2  Russia Khrunichev 42.7 m 3,500[2] N/A 2,400 to SSO[3] Expendable 2[4] 2022 2022
Atlas V 551  United States ULA 58.3 m 18,850[5] 8,900[5] 13,550 to SSO[6]
3,850 to GEO[5] 		Expendable 14 2006 2023
Atlas V N22[b]  United States ULA 52.4 m 13,000[8] N/A N/A Expendable 2[8] 2019[9] 2022
Ceres-1 (3)[c]  China Galactic Energy 20 m 400[11] N/A 300 to SSO[11] Expendable 8[12] 2022 2023
Ceres-1S[d]  China Galactic Energy 20 m ~ 400[11] N/A ~ 300 to SSO[11] Expendable 1[12]
  • China DeFu 15002 platform
 2023 2023
Chollima-1  North Korea NADA > 38 m > 300[13] N/A N/A Expendable 3[14] 2023 2023
Electron  United States
 New Zealand 		Rocket Lab 18 m 300[15] N/A 200 to SSO[15] Partially reusable 46[16] 2017 2024
Epsilon  Japan IHI[17] 24.4 m 1,500[18] N/A 590 to SSO[18] Expendable 6[18] 2013 2022
Falcon 9 Block 5  United States SpaceX 70 m 17,500[19] 5,500[20] N/A Partially reusable 274[20] 2018 2024
22,800[20] 8,300[20] 4,020 to TMI[20] Expendable
Falcon Heavy[21]  United States SpaceX 70 m 30,000[22] 8,000[23] N/A Partially reusable 9[23] 2018 2023
63,800[23] 26,700[23] 16,800 to TMI[23] Expendable
Firefly Alpha  United States Firefly Aerospace 29 m 1,030[24] N/A 630 to SSO[24] Expendable 4[25] 2021 2023
Gravity-1  China Orienspace 31.4 m 6,500[26] N/A 4,200 to SSO[26] Expendable 1[26]
  • China DeFu 15002 Launch Platform
 2024 2024
GSLV Mk II  India ISRO 49.1 m 6,000[27] 2,250[27] N/A Expendable 10[28] 2010 2024
H-IIA 202  Japan Mitsubishi 53 m 8,000[29] 4,000[29] 5,100 to SSO[e] Expendable 33[30] 2001 2023
H3-22S  Japan Mitsubishi 57 m N/A[31] 3,500 N/A Expendable 2[32] 2023 2024
Hyperbola-1 (2)[f]  China i-Space 22.5 m 300[34] N/A 300 to SSO[34] Expendable 5[34] 2021 2023
Jielong 1[35]  China CALT 19.5 m N/A N/A 200 to SSO[36] Expendable 1[35] 2019 2019
Jielong 3  China CALT 31.8 m N/A N/A 1,500 (500 km SSO)[37] Expendable 3[37]
  • China Tai Rui Launch Platform
  • China Bo Run Jiu Zhou Launch Platform
 2022 2024
KAIROS  Japan Space One 18 m 250 N/A 150 to SSO[38] Expendable 1 2024 2024
Kinetica 1  China CAS Space 30 m 2,000[39] N/A 1,500[39] (500 km SSO) Expendable 3[39] 2022 2024
Kuaizhou 1A  China ExPace 19.8 m 400[40] N/A 250 to SSO Expendable 28[40] 2013[g] 2024
Kuaizhou 11  China ExPace 25.3 m 1,500[42] N/A 1,000 to SSO[42] Expendable 2[43] 2020 2022
Long March 2C  China CALT 38.8 m[44] 3,850
[45] 		N/A 2,100 to SSO Expendable 69 1982 2024
Long March 2C / YZ-1S  China CALT 38.8 m[44] TBA N/A 2,500 to SSO Expendable 8 2018 2024
Long March 2D  China SAST 41.1 m 4,000[46] N/A 1,300 to SSO[47] Expendable 89[48] 1992 2024
Long March 2D / YZ-3  China SAST 41.1 m TBA N/A 2,000 to SSO Expendable 3 2018 2024
Long March 2F  China CALT 62 m 8,400[49] N/A N/A Expendable 23[48] 1999 2024
Long March 3A  China CALT 52.5 m 6,000[50] 2,600[50] 5,000 to SSO
1,420 to TLI[50] 		Expendable 27[50] 1994 2018
Long March 3B/E  China CALT 56.3 m 11,500[50] 5,500[50] 6,900 to SSO
3,500 to TLI[50] 		Expendable 82[50] 2007 2024
Long March 3B/E / YZ-1  China CALT 56.3 m N/A N/A 2,200 to MEO Expendable 14 2015 2023
Long March 3C  China CALT 54.8 m 9,100[50] 3,800[50] 6,500 to SSO
2,300 to TLI[50] 		Expendable 18[50] 2008 2021
Long March 4B  China SAST 44.1 m 4,200[51] 1,500[51] 2,800 to SSO[51] Expendable 48[51] 1999 2023
Long March 4C  China SAST 45.8 m 4,200[52] 1,500[52] 2,800 to SSO[52] Expendable 53[52] 2006 2023
Long March 5  China CALT 56.9 m 25,000[53] 14,000 [53] 15,000 to SSO[54]
4,500 to GEO[54]
8,200 to TLI[55]
6,000 to TMI[55] 		Expendable 8[54] 2016 2024
Long March 5B  China CALT 56.9 m 25,000[54] N/A N/A Expendable 4[54] 2020[56] 2022
Long March 6  China SAST 29 m 1,500[57] N/A 1,080 to SSO[57] Expendable 11[57] 2015 2023
Long March 6A  China SAST 50 m 8,000 N/A 4,500 to SSO[58] Expendable 5[59] 2022 2024
Long March 6C  China CALT 43 m 4,500 N/A N/A Expendable 2024
Long March 7  China CALT 53.1 m 14,000[60] 7,000 5,500 to SSO[60] Expendable 8[61] 2016[62] 2024
Long March 7A  China CALT 60.13 m 13,500 7,000[56] N/A Expendable 6[61] 2020 2023
Long March 8 822[63]  China CALT 50.34 m 8,400 2,800[64] 5,000 to SSO[64]
1,500 to TLI 		Expendable 2[65] 2020 2024
Long March 8 820[66]  China CALT 48 m 4,500 N/A 3,000 to SSO Expendable 1[65] 2022 2022
Long March 11  China CALT 20.8 m 700[67] N/A 350 to SSO[67] Expendable 17[67]
  • China JSLC,
  • China XSLC,
  • China Tai Rui Launch Platform
  • China De Bo 3 Launch Platform
  • China DeFu 15002 Launch Platform
  • China Bo Run Jiu Zhou Launch Platform
 2015 2023
LVM 3  India ISRO 43.4 m 10,000[68] 4,000[68] 3,000 to TLI Expendable 6[69] 2017[h] 2023
Minotaur-C[71]  United States Northrop Grumman 27.9 m 1,458[72] 445[72] 1,054 to SSO[i][72] Expendable 1[72] 2017 2017
Minotaur I  United States Northrop Grumman 19.2 m 580[73] N/A N/A Expendable 12[74] 2000 2021
Minotaur IV  United States Northrop Grumman 23.9 m 1,730[73] N/A N/A Expendable 5[75][j] 2010 2020
Minotaur V  United States Northrop Grumman 24.6 m N/A 678[75] 465 to HCO[75] Expendable 1[75] 2013 2013
Nuri (KSLV-II)  South Korea KARI 47.2 m 3,300[76] N/A 1,900 to SSO[76] Expendable 3[77] 2021 2023
Pegasus XL  United States Northrop Grumman 16.9 m 454[78] N/A N/A Expendable 35[79] 1994 2021
Proton-M  Russia Khrunichev 58.2 m 23,000[80] 6,150  [81] 3,300 to GEO[81] Expendable 115[82][83][81] 2001 2023
PSLV-CA  India ISRO 44.4 m 2,100[84] N/A 1,100 to SSO[84] Expendable 17[85][84] 2007 2023
PSLV-DL  India ISRO 44.4 m N/A N/A 750 to polar Expendable 4[86] 2019 2024
PSLV-QL  India ISRO 44.4 m N/A N/A N/A Expendable 2[87] 2019 2019
PSLV-XL  India ISRO 44.4 m 3,800[88] 1,300[88] 1,750 to SSO[88]
550 to TMI[89] 		Expendable 25[88] 2008 2023
Qaem 100  Iran IRGC 15.5 m 80[90] N/A N/A Expendable 2[k] 2023 2024
Qased  Iran IRGC 18.8 m 40[91] N/A N/A Expendable 3[91] 2020 2023
Shavit-2  Israel IAI 22.1 m 400 in Retrograde[92] N/A N/A Expendable 6[93] 2007 2023
Simorgh  Iran Iranian Space Agency 26 m 250[94] N/A N/A Expendable 7[95][94][l] 2017 2024
GYUB TV2[96] South Korea South Korea MND 19.5 m > 100[97] N/A N/A Expendable 1[97] 2023 2023
Soyuz-2.1a  Russia TsSKB-Progress 46.3 m 7,020 from Baikonur
6,830 from Plesetsk
7,150 from Vostochny[98] 		N/A 4,450 to SSO[99] Expendable 65[100][99][101] 2006[m] 2024
Soyuz-2.1b  Russia TsSKB-Progress 46.3 m 8,200 from Baikonur
7,850 from Plesetsk
8,320 from Vostochny[98] 		3,060[103] 4,900 to SSO[103] Expendable 71[104][103] 2006 2024
Soyuz-2.1v  Russia TsSKB-Progress 44 m 2,800[105] N/A 1,400 to SSO 2,630 to polar[105] Expendable 12[105] 2013 2024
Starship[106]  United States SpaceX 121 m 40,000[107] - 50,000 N/A N/A Fully reusable 3 2023 2024
SLS Block 1  United States NASA Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		98 m 95,000[108] N/A 27,000+ to TLI[108] Expendable 1[109] 2022[110] 2022
SSLV  India ISRO 34 m 500[111] N/A 300 to SSO[111] Expendable 2[112] 2022 2023
Tianlong-2  China Space Pioneer 32.8 m 2,000[113] N/A 1,500 to SSO[113] Expendable 1[113] 2023 2023
Vega  EuropeItaly Italy ArianeGroupAvio 31 m 2,300[114] N/A 1,330 to SSO[115]

1,500 to polar[116]

Expendable 21[117] 2012 2023
Vega-C  EuropeItaly Italy ArianeGroupAvio 36.2 m 3,300[118] N/A 2,200 to SSO 2,300 to polar[118] Expendable 2[119] 2022 2022
Vulcan Centaur VC2  United States ULA 61.6 m 19,000[120] 8,400[120] 2,600 to GEO

15,200 to polar 6,300 to TLI[120]

Expendable 1[121] 2024 2024
Zhuque-2  China LandSpace 49.5 m 6,000[122] N/A 4,000 to SSO[122] Expendable 3[122] 2022[123] 2023
  1. ^ Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
  2. ^ for Starliner[7]
  3. ^ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[10]
  4. ^ Sea-launched version of the third unofficial iteration of the Ceres-1 launch vehicle.
  5. ^ 5,100 kg to a 500-km Sun-synchronous orbit; 3,300 kg to 800 km[29]: 64–65 
  6. ^ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[33]
  7. ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in March 2012.[41]
  8. ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in 2014 (designated LVM-3/CARE) without the cryogenic upper stage (CUS).[70]
  9. ^ Reference altitude 400 km
  10. ^ Additionally, two suborbital missions were conducted in 2010 and 2011.[75]
  11. ^ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2022.
  12. ^ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2016; both orbital flights in 2017 and 2019 failed.[94]
  13. ^ Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage.[102]

Upcoming rockets[edit]

Upcoming launch vehicles

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Height Payload mass to ... (kg) Reusable / Expendable Launch Site (s) Date of first flight
LEO GTO Other
Agnibaan  India AgniKul Cosmos 18 m 150 N/A 90 to SSO Expendable 2025
Angara A5 / KVTK  Russia Khrunichev TBA TBA 7,500 N/A Expendable 2020s
Angara A5M  Russia Khrunichev TBA 26,800 4,100-5,200 N/A Expendable 2020s
Angara A5P  Russia Khrunichev TBA 18,800 N/A N/A Expendable 2028
Antares 330  United States Northrop Grumman

Firefly Aerospace[a]

47 m 10,800[124] N/A N/A Expendable 2025
Ariane 6 A62  Europe ArianeGroup 63 m 10,350[125]: 45  5,000[125]: 33  6,450 to SSO
3,000 to HEO
3,000 to TLI [125]: 40–49  		Expendable 2024[126]
Ariane 6 A64  Europe ArianeGroup 63 m 21,650[125]: 46  11,500+ [125]: 33  14,900 to SSO
5,000 to GEO
8,400 to HEO
8,500 to TLI [125]: 40–49  		Expendable 2024[126]
Aurora Canada Canada Reaction Dynamics 18 m 200 N/A TBA Expendable 2025
Aventura 1 Argentina Argentina TLON Space 10 m 25 N/A N/A TBA
  • Uruguay Launch platform
 2025
Blue Whale 1  South Korea Perigee Aerospace 21 m 165[127] N/A 185 to SSO Partially reusable 2024
195[127] 220 to SSO Expendable
Cosmos  Russia SR space 18.5 m 390 N/A 310 to SSO TBA TBA
Cyclone-4M  Ukraine Yuzhnoye
Yuzhmash 		38.7 m 5,000[129] 1,000[130] 3,350 to SSO[129] Expendable 2025[131]
Dauntless  United States Vaya Space 35 m 1,100[132] N/A 600 to SSO Expendable
  • United States CCSFS,
  • United States The Spaceport Company Launch Platform
 2026[132]
Daytona I  United States Phantom Space 18 m 180 N/A 53 to SSO Expendable 2025[133]
Epsilon S Japan Japan JAXA 27.2 m 1,400 N/A 600 to SSO Expendable 2024
Eris Block 1  Australia Gilmour Space Technologies 25 m 305[134] N/A N/A Expendable 2024[135]
Gravity-2  China Orienspace 60 m 8,600 - 16,000 5,800 10,900 to SSO Partially reusable 2024
Hanbit-Nano South Korea South Korea Innospace 17 m[136] 150 N/A 90 Expendable 2024
Hyperbola-3  China i-Space 69 m 8,500 N/A N/A Partially reusable 2025[137]
13,400 Expendable
H3-22L  Japan Mitsubishi 63 m N/A[31] N/A N/A Expendable 2020s
H3-24L  Japan Mitsubishi 63 m TBA TBA > 6,500 to TLI Expendable 2024
H3-30S  Japan Mitsubishi 57 m N/A[31] N/A 4,000 to SSO Expendable 2024
Jielong 4  China CALT TBA TBA N/A TBA Expendable TBA 2024
KSLV-III South Korea South Korea KARI 54 m 10,000 3,500 7,000 to SSO

1,800 to TLI

Expendable 2030
Long March 8A  China CALT 50.3 m TBA 6,800 to SSO N/A Expendable 2024
Long March 9  China CALT 114 m 80,000 - 150,000[138] 66,000 53,000 to TLI[138]
40,000 to TMI[139] 		Partially/fully reusable 2033
Long March 10  China CALT 89[b] - 93.2 m[c] 70,000 N/A 27,000 to TLI Expendable 2027
Long March 10A  China CALT 67 m 14,000 N/A N/A Partially reusable >2027
18,000 Expendable
Long March 12  China CALT 59 m 10,000 N/A 6,000 to SSO Expendable 2024
Maia France France MaiaSpace 50 m TBA N/A N/A Partially reusable 2025
Miura 5  Spain PLD Space 35.7 m 840 N/A 540 to SSO Partially reusable 2026[140]
MLV  United States Firefly Aerospace 55.7 m 16,000 N/A N/A Expendable 2025[141]
Nebula-1  China Deep Blue Aerospace TBA 1,000 N/A N/A Partially reusable 2024[142]
Nebula-2  China Deep Blue Aerospace TBA 20,000 N/A N/A Partially reusable 2025[142]
Neutron  United States
 New Zealand 		Rocket Lab 42.8 m 8,000[d] - 13,000 N/A N/A Partially reusable 2024[143]
15,000 Expendable
New Glenn  United States Blue Origin 98 m 45,000[144] 13,000 N/A Partially reusable 2024
NGLV LEO  India ISRO 88 m 7,700[e] N/A N/A Partially reusable TBA
9,900 Partially reusable
16,900 Expendable
NGLV GEO  India ISRO 92 m N/A 5,200 N/A Partially reusable TBA
25,000 8,900 Expendable
Nova  United States Stoke Space 28.5 m 1,500 N/A N/A Fully reusable TBA
OB-1 Mk1 France France HyPrSapce 11 m 200 N/A N/A Expendable 2026[145]
Pallas-1  China Galactic Energy 42 m 5,000 N/A 3,000 to SSO Partially reusable 2024[146]
Prime  United Kingdom Orbex 19 m 180 N/A 100 to SSO[f][147] Expendable 2024
RFA One  Germany RFA 30 m 1,600[148] 450[148] 1,300 to SSO Expendable 2024[149]
Rocket 4  United States Astra 18.9 m 500 N/A 350 to SSO Expendable 2024
Rokot-M  Russia Khrunichev TBA 1,950 N/A N/A Expendable 2024
RS1 B2  United States ABL Space Systems 27 m 1,350[150] 400 975 to SSO
750 to MEO 		Expendable 2024
ŞİMŞEK-1 Turkey Turkey Roketsan TBA 400 N/A N/A Expendable 2027
Siraya Taiwan Taiwan TASA 25 m 200 N/A N/A Expendable TBD TBA
Sirius 1 France France Sirius Space 24.7 m TBA N/A 175 to SSO Expendable TBD 2025
Skyrora XL  United Kingdom Skyrora 22.7 m 315 N/A 315 to SSO[151] Expendable 2024
GYUB[152] South Korea South Korea MND 26.8 m 1,500 N/A N/A Expendable TBA
SLS Block 1B[g]  United States NASA / Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		111 m 105,000[153] N/A 37,000 to TLI[154] Expendable 2028
SLS Block 2[h]  United States NASA / Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		111 m 130,000[155] N/A 45,000 to HCO[154] Expendable 2033
SL1  Germany HyImpulse 30 m 500 N/A N/A Expendable 2025
Soyuz-5 (Irtysh)  Russia TsSKB-Progress
RSC Energia 		61.87 m 18,000[156] N/A 2,500 to GEO Expendable 2025[157]
Soyuz-7 (Amur)  Russia JSC SRC Progress 55 m 10,500[158] 2,600 4,700 to SSO Partially reusable 2028
13,600[158] Expendable
Spectrum  Germany Isar Aerospace 28 m 1,000[159] N/A 700 to SSO[159] Expendable 2025[160]
Terran R  United States Relativity Space 82 m 23,500 5,500[161] N/A Partially reusable 2026[161]
33,500 Expendable
Tianlong-3  China Space Pioneer 71 m 17,000 N/A 14,000 to SSO Partially reusable 2024[142]
Tronador II-250 Argentina Argentina CONAE 27 m 500 N/A N/A Expendable 2030
Vega-E  Europe ESA ASI 36.2 m 3,000[162] N/A N/A Expendable 2026
Vikram 1[163]  India Skyroot Aerospace[164] 20 m 315 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO N/A 200 to 500 km SSPO Expendable 2024
Vikram 2[163]  India Skyroot Aerospace TBA 520 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO N/A 410 to 500 km SSPO Expendable TBA
Vikram 3[163]  India Skyroot Aerospace TBA 720 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO N/A 580 to 500 km SSPO Expendable TBA
Volans V500 Singapore Singapore Equatorial Space Systems TBA 150 N/A N/A Expendable TBA 2026
Vulcan Centaur VC0  United States ULA 61.6 m 10,800 3,500 2,300 to TLI Expendable 2020s
Vulcan Centaur VC4  United States ULA 61.6 m 24,600 11,700 4,900 to GEO
9,200 to TLI 		Expendable 2024
Vulcan Centaur VC6  United States ULA 61.6 m 27,200[165] 14,400[165] 6,500 to GEO
11,500 to TLI 		Expendable 2020s
Zephyr France France Latitude 19 m 100 N/A 80 to SSO Expendable 2025
Zero  Japan Interstellar Technologies 32 m 800 N/A 250 to SSO Expendable 2025
Zhuque-3  China LandSpace 76.6 m 12,500 (RTLS)[142] TBA TBA Partially reusable 2025[142]
18,300 (barge)[142] Partially reusable
21,000[166] Expendable
Zuljanah  Iran Iranian Space Agency 25.5 m 220[167] N/A N/A Expendable 2020s
  1. ^ provides the first stage, including engines
  2. ^ Height for uncrewed version
  3. ^ Height for crewed version
  4. ^ When first stage returned to launch site
  5. ^ When first stage returned to launch site
  6. ^ Reference altitude 500 km
  7. ^ with EUS
  8. ^ with EUS and
    advanced boosters

Retired rockets[edit]

Main article: Comparison of retired orbital launch systems

Launch systems by country[edit]

The following chart shows the number of launch systems developed in each country, and broken down by operational status. Rocket variants are not distinguished; i.e., the Atlas V series is only counted once for all its configurations 401–431, 501–551, 552, and N22.

10
20
30
40
50
AUS
BRZ
CHN
EUR
ESP
FRA
IND
IRN
ISR
JPN
NKR
NZL
RUS
SKR
TWN
UKR
UK
USA
  •   Operational
  •   In development
  •   Retired

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ There are many different methods. Each mestylethod has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort of engine is called a rocket engine.
  2. ^ The first medieval rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs, in warfare as early as the 13th century.
  3. ^ Such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne.
  4. ^ Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north-south stationkeeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Angara Family". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Angara Launch Vehicle Family". Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  3. ^ "Angara-1 to inaugurate new rocket family". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  4. ^ Mooney, Justin (2022-10-16). "Angara 1.2 launches satellite for Russian Aerospace Forces". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  5. ^ a b c "Atlas V". www.ulalaunch.com. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  6. ^ "Atlas-5(551) (Atlas-V(551))". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  7. ^ Egan, Barbara [@barbegan13] (October 15, 2016). "@torybruno @ulalaunch @baserunner0723 We are calling the config N22. No payload fairing with the Starliner on board" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2023 – via Twitter.
  8. ^ a b Percival, Claire (2022-05-29). "OFT-2 CST-100 Starliner (Uncrewed) | Atlas V N22". Everyday Astronaut. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  9. ^ Roulette, Joey (22 December 2019). "'Bull's-eye' landing in New Mexico for Boeing's Starliner astronaut capsule". Reuters. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  10. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Ceres-1 (Gushenxing-1, GX-1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
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