Xerocomus subtomentosus
| Xerocomus subtomentosus | |
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| Species: | X. subtomentosus
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| Binomial name | |
| Xerocomus subtomentosus | |
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Boletus subtomentosus L. (1753) | |
Xerocomus subtomentosus | |
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 | Pores on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is seceding |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is olive-brown |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is edible |
Xerocomus subtomentosus, commonly known as suede bolete, brown and yellow bolete , boring brown bolete or yellow-cracked bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The fungus was initially described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and known for many years as Boletus subtomentosus. It is edible, though not as highly regarded as other bolete mushrooms.
It occurs throughout Eurasia, North America and Australia and grows with a wide range of hardwood and conifer trees. It forms symbiotic ectomycorrhizal associations with living trees by enveloping the tree's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue. The fungus produces spore-bearing fruit bodies. The olive to tan fruit body cap is up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and has a distinctive velvety surface. Like other boletes, it has tubes extending downward from the underside of the cap, rather than gills; spores escape at maturity through the tube openings, or pores. The pore surface is yellow and bruises blue. The stipe, or stem, measures up to 8 cm (3 in) tall and 2 cm (0.8 in) thick.
Taxonomy[edit]
Xerocomus subtomentosus was first described in 1753 by the father of taxonomy Carl Linnaeus as Boletus subtomentosus.[1] The starting date of fungal taxonomy had been set as January 1, 1821, to coincide with the date of the works of the 'father of mycology', Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries, which meant that the name required sanction by Fries (indicated in the name by a colon) to be considered valid, as Linnaeus' work preceded this date. It was thus written Boletus subtomentosus L.:Fr. However, a 1987 revision of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature set the starting date at May 1, 1753, the date of publication of Linnaeus' seminal work, the Species Plantarum.[2] Hence the name no longer requires the ratification of Fries' authority.
French mycologist Lucien Quélet had classified a number of Boletus species in the genus Xerocomus, with Xerocomus subtomentosus made the type species. The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek Xeros "dry" and kome "hair", and refers to the velvety surface of the cap.[3] This classification was disputed, with many authorities not recognising the genus and continuing to use Boletus subtomentosus; however genetic analysis published in 2013 confirmed the distinctness of this species and its close relatives from the core group of fungi in the genus Boletus (sensu stricto).[4]
Xerocomus subtomentosus and relatives, including Phylloporus pelletieri, form a clade known informally as the "/Xerocomus Clade" within a larger group (informally called hypoboletus) in the suborder Boletineae. Other clades within the group include the Aureoboletus and Hemileccinum clades, as well as species currently designated Boletus (though they are not closely related to Boletus edulis) and three species currently designated Boletellus (though they are unlikely to be close relatives of the type species, Boletellus ananas). The clade containing the hypoboletus group and the Royoungia clade is sister to the anaxoboletus group (containing the genera Tylopilus sensu stricto, Strobilomyces, Xanthoconium, Porphyrellus, Xerocomellus, Boletus sensu stricto, and species that require new generic names (e.g., Boletus badius) and the leccinoid group (comprising the genera Leccinellum, Leccinum, Spongiforma, and the species Retiboletus griseus).[4] As X. subtomentosus is the type species of the genus, it and close relatives remain Xerocomus as other members are placed in different genera.
Its specific name subtomentosus is Latin "finely haired", referring to its cap.[3] Mushroom author David Arora nicknamed the mushroom the boring brown bolete from its lack of taste and appeal.[5] Other vernacular names include "yellow-cracked bolete", "suede bolete",[6] and "brown and yellow bolete".[7]
Description[edit]
The pale olive or tan cap is initially convex before flattening, and measures 4 to 10 cm (1.6 to 3.9 in) or sometimes up to 18 cm (7.1 in) in diameter with a velvety tan surface. Occasionally the cap slits revealing yellow flesh beneath. The skin of the cap is very hard to remove. The pores underneath the cap are yellow, and bruise blue or green before fading somewhat. The stipe lacks a ring and is up to 12 cm (4.7 in) tall by 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) wide.[8] The spore print is olive-brown. A drop of ammonium hydroxide on the cap instantly produces a mahogany red reaction, which distinguishes it from some other similar species of the genus. The flesh is white and has little taste or smell.[3][5]
Similar species[edit]
The rare European species Xerocomus silwoodensis, described as new to science in 2007, is similar in appearance to X. subtomentosus. It can be distinguished from the latter in the field by the darker reddish-brown tones of the cap and its preference for associating with Populus trees.[9] It has white flesh that becomes yellow-tinged on exposure to air. Xerocomus chrysonemus has bright yellow flesh and mycelium. Xerocomus ferrugineus is found under conifers and also has yellow mycelium.[10]
Also somewhat similar are Boletus chrysenteron, B. citriniporus, and B. edulis.[8]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Xerocomus subtomentosus occurs in autumn in forests throughout Eurasia, North America and Australia and forming a mycorrhizal relationship with a wide range of hardwood and conifer trees.[3][5][11] It has been recorded from the vicinity of Tangier in Morocco, growing under cork oak (Quercus suber).[12] It is associated with bilberry and other evergreen shrubs of the heath family Ericaceae.[6][7]
Xerocomus subtomentosus is found in subarctic areas of western Greenland, where it is common and grows in association with white birch (Betula pubescens).[13]
Edibility[edit]
Xerocomus subtomentosus is edible,[14] although not highly regarded. Its mild taste makes it suitable for mixed mushroom dishes.[3] An elemental analysis of specimens collected from Notec Forest in western Poland determined the mushrooms to have abundant amounts of potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium, with mean values of 46000, 8400, and 1100 milligramme/kilogramme dry weight, respectively, in the caps. The levels of the toxic metals cadmium, mercury, and lead in the mushrooms "did not pose a threat to a consumer's health".[15]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Linnaeus C (1753). "Tomus II". Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1178.
- ^ Esser K, Lemke PA (1994). The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. p. 81. ISBN 3-540-66493-9.
- ^ a b c d e Nilson S, Persson O (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi). Penguin. p. 106. ISBN 0-14-063005-8.
- ^ a b Nuhn ME, Binder M, Taylor AF, Halling RE, Hibbett DS (2013). "Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae". Fungal Biology. 117 (7–8): 479–511. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.008. PMID 23931115.
- ^ a b c Arora D (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. pp. 517–18. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
- ^ a b Michell K (2006). Field Guide to Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Britain and Europe. New Holland Publishers. p. 34. ISBN 1-84537-474-6.
- ^ a b Laursen GA, Seppelt RD (2010). Common Interior Alaska Cryptogams: Fungi, Lichenicolous Fungi, Lichenized Fungi, Slime Molds, Mosses, and Liverworts. University of Alaska Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-60223-109-2.
- ^ a b Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 326–327. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ Taylor AF, Hills AE, Simonini G, Muñoz JA, Eberhardt U (2007). "Xerocomus silwoodensis sp. nov., a new species within the European X. subtomentosus complex". Mycological Research. 111 (4): 403–08. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.01.014. PMID 17512181.
- ^ Assyov B. (2013). "Xerocomus subtomentosus". Boletales.com. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ^ Loizides M, Bellanger JM, Assyov B, Moreau PA, Richard F (2019). "Present status and future of boletoid fungi (Boletaceae) on the island of Cyprus: cryptic and threatened diversity unraveled by 10-year study". Fungal Ecology. 41 (13): 65–81. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2019.03.008. S2CID 181958289.
- ^ Maire R. (1937). "Fungi Maroccani". Mémoires de la Société des sciences naturelles du Maroc (in French). 45: 87.
- ^ Elborne SA, Knudsen H (1990). "Larger Fungi Associated with Betula pubescens in Greenland". In Fredskild B, Ødum S (eds.). The Greenland Mountain Birch Zone, Southwest Greenland. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 77–80. ISBN 9788763512046.
- ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- ^ Jarzynska G, Chojnacka A, Dryzalowska A, Nnorom IC, Falandysz J (2012). "Concentrations and bioconcentration factors of minerals in yellow-cracking bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) mushroom collected in Notec Forest, Poland". Journal of Food Science. 77 (9): H202–H206. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02876.x. PMID 22897470.
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