2019 Japanese House of Councillors election
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124 of the 245 seats in the House of Councillors 123 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 48.80% ( 5.90pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
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House of Councillors elections were held in Japan on 21 July 2019 to elect 124 of the 245 members of the House of Councillors, the upper house of the then 710-member bicameral National Diet, for a term of six years.
74 members were elected by single non-transferable vote (SNTV)/First-past-the-post (FPTP) voting in 45 multi- and single-member prefectural electoral districts. The nationwide district elected 50 members by D'Hondt proportional representation with optionally open lists, the previous most open list system was modified in 2018 to give parties the option to prioritize certain candidates over the voters' preferences in the proportional election.[1][2]
The election saw Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's ruling coalition lose the two-thirds majority needed to enact constitutional reform.[3][4] The Liberal Democratic Party also lost its majority in the House of Councillors, but the LDP maintained control of the House of Councillors with its junior coalition partner Komeito.
Background[edit]
The term of members elected in the 2013 regular election (including those elected in subsequent by-elections or as runners-up) was to end on 28 July 2019. Under the "Public Offices Election Act" (kōshoku-senkyo-hō), the regular election must be held within 30 days before that date, or under certain conditions if the Diet is in session or scheduled to open at that time, between 24 and 30 days after the closure of the session and thus potentially somewhat after the actual end of term.[5]
Going into the election, the Liberal Democratic Party and its coalition partner Komeito controlled a two-thirds super-majority of seats in the House of Representatives but did not control a similar super-majority of seats in the House of Councillors, necessary to initiate amendments of the Constitution of Japan.
Pre-election composition[edit]
(as of 15 March 2018)[6]
| ↓ | |||||||
| 44 | 32 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 70 | 14 | 57 |
| Opposition seats not up | O seats up | RO | RO up | K up | LDP-PJK seats up | K | LDP-PJK seats not up |
In the class of members facing re-election, the ruling coalition of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Kōmeitō and Party for Japanese Kokoro (PJK) had a combined 81 of 121 seats (as of March 2018).[6] The governing coalition would have to lose 30 seats or more to forfeit its overall majority in the House of Councillors and face a technically divided Diet. However, as independents and minor opposition groups might be willing to support the government on a regular basis without inclusion in the cabinet, the losses required to face an actual divided Diet may have been much higher. If the Diet is divided after the election, the coalition's two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives can still override the House of Councillors and pass legislation, but certain Diet decisions, notably the approval of certain nominations by the cabinet such as public safety commission members or Bank of Japan governor, would require the cooperation of at least part of the opposition or an expansion of the ruling coalition.
Among the members facing re-election were House of Councillors President Chuichi Date (LDP, Hokkaido), Kōmeitō leader Natsuo Yamaguchi (K, Tokyo) and Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry Hiroshige Seko (LDP, Wakayama at-large district).
District reapportionment[edit]
The following districts saw a change in their representation within the House at this election. One set of reforms were introduced in 2012 and first took effect at the 2013 election. The districts below are affected by the 2015 reforms, which started to take effect in the 2016 election.
In May 2018, the government announced that they are planning to introduce a revision into the Public Offices Election Law before the 2019 election. The proposed changes increased the number seats in the House by 6, 2 seats in the Saitama at-large district and 4 in the national PR block. As Saitama currently has the highest voters-to-councillor ratio, the increase would reduce its ratio gap with the least populous district (below the constitutional 3 to 1 limit). Meanwhile, the seat increase in the PR block is aimed to address the absence of representation of prefectures in the merged-prefecture districts (namely Tottori-Shimane and Tokushima-Kōchi) and popular discontent in those prefectures. The plan also introduced a ranking system for the PR lists. This essentially changed it from a most open list system into a less open list system, mirroring the one used in the House of Representatives elections. To reduce the chance of the non-representation of a prefecture, candidates from prefectures not running in the merged districts were to be prioritised on the list.[7]
Under the plan, the new Saitama seat and two new PR seats were contested in 2019, while the other three would be contested in 2022.
| District | Magnitude | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Hokkaidō | 3 | Increased from 2 |
| Miyagi | 1 | Decreased from 2 |
| Tokyo | 6 | Increased from 5 |
| Niigata | 1 | Decreased from 2 |
| Nagano | 1 | Decreased from 2 |
| Aichi | 4 | Increased from 3 |
| Hyogo | 3 | Increased from 2 |
| Tottori-Shimane | 1 | Created from the merger of the single-member Tottori and Shimane districts |
| Tokushima-Kōchi | 1 | Created from the merger of the single-member Tokushima and Kochi districts |
| Fukuoka | 3 | Increased from 2 |
Opinion polls[edit]
Proportional vote intention[edit]
| Date | Polling firm/source | LDP | CDP | DPP | Kibō | Komeito | JCP | Ishin | SDP | LP | Reiwa | Other | Und. | DK/ no ans. |
Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13–14 Jul | Asahi Shimbun | 35 | 12 | 2 | N/A | 6 | 6 | 6 | 2 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 29 | 6 | |
| 6–7 Jul | JNN | 33.7 | 8.6 | 0.9 | 4.7 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 28.4 | 0.9 | 5.3 | |||
| 4–5 Jul | Yomiuri Shimbun | 36 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 25 | 9 | 11 | |||
| 28–30 Jun | Nikkei | 44 | 14 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 2 | — | — | 18 | 5 | 26 | ||
| 28–30 Jun | Yomiuri Shimbun | 40 | 10 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 23 | 7 | 17 | |||
| 26–27 Jun | Kyodo News | 28.8 | 9.0 | 1.6 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 39.2 | 0.9 | 10.4 | |||
| 22–23 Jun | Asahi Shimbun | 40 | 13 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 23 | 17 | |||
| 5 Jun | Kibō no Tō loses its legal status as a political party and becomes a political organization. | ||||||||||||||
| 1–2 Jun | JNN | 41.0 | 7.0 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 2.2 | 0.3 | N/A | 0.6 | 26.3 | 14.5 | 14.7 | |
| 18–19 May | ANN Archived 2019-06-01 at the Wayback Machine | 35.9 | 9.9 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 5.5 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 1.3 | N/A | 34.6 | 26 | ||
| 18–19 May | Asahi Shimbun | 37 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 2 | N/A | 26 | 25 | ||
| 18–19 May | Kyodo News | 38.2 | 11.2 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 4.6 | 0.7 | 0.1 | N/A | 35.8 | 27 | ||
| 11–12 May | JNN | 38.4 | 7.3 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 29.2 | 12.5 | 31.1 | ||
| 10–12 May | Nikkei & TV Tokyo | 43 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 19 | 7 | 32 | ||
| 26 Apr | The Liberal Party is merged into the Democratic Party for the People. | ||||||||||||||
| 20–21 Apr | ANN Archived 2019-04-23 at the Wayback Machine | 35.4 | 9.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 4.3 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 | N/A | 34.3 | 26.3 | |
| 6 Mar – 15 Apr | Asahi Shimbun | 43 | 17 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 2 | N/A | 15 | 26 | |
| 13–14 Apr | Asahi Shimbun | 39 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | N/A | 24 | 26 | |
| 6–7 Apr | JNN | 38.5 | 6.5 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 28.7 | 14.3 | 32 | |
Results[edit]
 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | National | Constituency | Seats | |||||||||
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Not up | Won | Total after | +/– | |||
| Liberal Democratic Party | 17,712,373 | 35.37 | 19 | 20,030,331 | 39.77 | 38 | 56 | 57 | 113 | –7 | ||
| Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan | 7,917,721 | 15.81 | 8 | 7,951,430 | 15.79 | 9 | 15 | 17 | 32 | New | ||
| Komeito | 6,536,336 | 13.05 | 7 | 3,913,359 | 7.77 | 7 | 14 | 14 | 28 | +3 | ||
| Nippon Ishin no Kai | 4,907,844 | 9.80 | 5 | 3,664,530 | 7.28 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 16 | +4 | ||
| Japanese Communist Party | 4,483,411 | 8.95 | 4 | 3,710,768 | 7.37 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 13 | –1 | ||
| Democratic Party for the People | 3,481,078 | 6.95 | 3 | 3,256,859 | 6.47 | 3 | 15 | 6 | 21 | +19 | ||
| Reiwa Shinsengumi | 2,280,253 | 4.55 | 2 | 214,438 | 0.43 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | New | ||
| Social Democratic Party | 1,046,012 | 2.09 | 1 | 191,820 | 0.38 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | ||
| NHK Party | 987,885 | 1.97 | 1 | 1,521,344 | 3.02 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | New | ||
| Assembly to Consider Euthanasia | 269,052 | 0.54 | 0 | 215,181 | 0.43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Happiness Realization Party | 202,279 | 0.40 | 0 | 187,491 | 0.37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Olive Tree | 167,898 | 0.34 | 0 | 91,675 | 0.18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Workers Party Aiming for Liberation of Labor | 80,056 | 0.16 | 0 | 75,318 | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Independents of Japan | 3,586 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||||
| Independents | 5,335,641 | 10.59 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 17 | +5 | |||||
| Total | 50,072,198 | 100.00 | 50 | 50,363,771 | 100.00 | 74 | 121 | 124 | 245 | +3 | ||
| Valid votes | 50,072,352 | 96.92 | 50,363,771 | 97.47 | ||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 1,592,527 | 3.08 | 1,307,308 | 2.53 | ||||||||
| Total votes | 51,664,879 | 100.00 | 51,671,079 | 100.00 | ||||||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 105,886,064 | 48.79 | 105,886,063 | 48.80 | ||||||||
| Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications | ||||||||||||
By constituency[edit]
| Northern Japan | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prefecture | Seats Up | Incumbents | Party | Result | Candidates |
| Hokkaido | 3 | Chūichi Date | Liberal Democratic | Apportionment increased by 1
incumbents retired |
Harumi Takahashi (LDP) 34.4% Kenji Katsube (CDP) 21.7% Tsuyohito Iwamoto (LDP) 18.8% Kazuya Hatayama (JCP) 11.0% Nami Haraya (DPP) 9.4% Takahira Yamamoto (NHK) 2.6% Osamu Nakamura (AtCE) 1.0% Yoshinori Moriyama (HRP) 0.6% Seiji Iwase (Worker) 0.4% |
| Katsuya Ogawa | Constitutional Democratic | ||||
| Aomori | 1 | Motome Takisawa | Liberal Democratic | Liberal Democratic hold | Motome Takisawa (LDP) 51.5% Toru Odagiri (CDP) 44.4% Hinako Koyama (NHK) 4.1% |
| Iwate | 1 | Tatsuo Hirano | Independent | Takanori Yokosawa (LDP) 49.0%Tatsuo Hirano (CDP) 46.3%
Hidekazu Kajitani (NHK) 4.7% | |
| Miyagi | 1 | Jiro Aichi | Liberal Democratic | Seats reduced by one due to change in apportionment Constitutional Democratic Party gain |
Noriko Ishigaki (CDP) 48.6% Jiro Aichi (LDP) 47.7% Noriaki Miyake (NHK) 3.7% |
| Masamune Wada | Your Party | ||||
| Akita | 1 | Matsuji Nakaizumi | Liberal Democratic | Shizuka Terata (Independent) 50.5% Matsuji Nakaizumi (LDP) 46.1% Ryuji Ishioka (NHK) 3.5% | |
| Yamagata | 1 | Mizuho Onuma | Liberal Democratic | Michiya Haga (Independent) 50.2% Mizuho Onuma (LDP) 47.3% Kenji Onozawa (NHK) 2.5% | |
| Fukushima | 1 | Masako Mori | Liberal Democratic | Masako Mori (LDP) 54.1% Sachiko Mizuno (Independent) 41.9% Masahito Tayama (NHK) 4.0% | |
| Eastern and Central Japan | |||||
| Prefecture | Seats Up | Incumbents | Party | Result | Candidates |
| Ibaraki | 2 | Ryosuke Kozuki | Liberal Democratic | Ryosuke Kozuki (LDP) 47.9% Takumi Onuma (CDP) 22.4% Kumiko Ōchi (JCP) 12.2% Tōru Umino (Nippon Ishin) 11.9% Ken Tanaka (NHK) 5.6% | |
| Yukihisa Fujita | Constitutional Democratic | ||||
| Tochigi | 1 | Katsunori Takahashi | Liberal Democratic | Katsunori Takahashi (LDP) 53.5% Chiho Kato (CDP) 41.0% Norimitsu Machida (NHK) 5.5% | |
| Gunma | 1 | Ichita Yamamoto | Liberal Democratic | Masato Shimizu (LDP) 53.9% Atsuko Saito (CDP) 38.6% Mikako Maeda (NHK) 7.4% | |
| Saitama | 4 | Toshiharu Furukawa | Liberal Democratic | 1 seat gained by reapportionment | Toshiharu Furukawa (LDP) 28.2% Hiroto Kumagai (CDP) 19.3% Katsuo Yakura (Komeito) 19.1% Gaku Ito (JCP) 12.9% Chie Shishido (DPP) 8.8% Ryo Sawada (Nippon Ishin) Eriko Sato (NHK) 2.9% Ryoji Samejima (Euthanasia) 0.8% Ichiro Kojima (HRP) 0.7% |
| Katsuo Yakura | Komeito | ||||
| Kuniko Koda | Your Party | ||||
| Chiba | 3 | Junichi Ishī | Liberal Democratic | Junichi Ishī (LDP) 30.5% Hiroyuki Nagahama (CDP) 28.9% Toshiro Toyoda (LDP) 19.1% Fumiko Asano (JCP) 15.7% Masayuki Hiratsuka (NHK) 3.9% Masanori Kadota (Euthenasia) 1.9% | |
| Toshirō Toyoda | Liberal Democratic | ||||
| Hiroyuki Nagahama | Constitutional Democratic | ||||
| Tokyo | 6 | Tamayo Marukawa | Liberal Democratic | 1 seat added by reapportionment | Tamayo Marukawa (LDP) 19.9% Natsuo Yamaguchi (Komieto) 14.2% Yoshiko Kira (JCP) 12.3% Ayaka Shiomura (CDP) 12.0% Shun Okita (Nippon Ishin) 9.2% Keizo Takemi (LDP) 9.1% Issei Yamagishi (CDP) 8.6% Yoshimasa Nohara (Reiwa) 3.7% Motoko Mizuno (DPP) 3.2% Masanobu Ohashi (NHK) 2.3% Nozue Chinpei (Independent) Reiko Asakura (SDP) 1.5% Hiroko Nanami (HRP) 0.6% Hitoshi Sato (Euthanasia) 0.5% Masahiro Yokoyama (Euthanasia) 0.4% Koichi Mizoguchi (Olive) 0.3% Jun Mori (Independent) 0.3% Yasuhiro Sekiguchi (Independent) 0.2% Sadakichi Nishino (Independent) 0.2% Kikuo Otsuka (JIP) 0.1% |
| Natsuo Yamaguchi | Komeito | ||||
| Yoshiko Kira | Constitutional Democratic | ||||
| Tarō Yamamoto | Reiwa Shinsengumi | ||||
| Keizō Takemi | Liberal Democratic | ||||
| Kanagawa | 4 | Dai Shimamura | Liberal Democratic | Dai Shimamura (LDP) 25.2% Hiroe Makiyama (CDP) 20.4% Sayaka Sasaki (Komeito) 16.9% Shigefumi Matsuzawa (Nippon Ishin) 15.8% Yuka Asaga (JCP) 11.6% Ryosuke Nogi (DPP) 3.5% Daisuke Hayashi (NHK) Rinko Aihara (SDP) 1.7% Masakatsu Morishita (Independent) 0.6% Aiko Iki (HRP) 0.6% Tomoyuki Kato (Euthanasia) 0.6% Taishi Enomoto (Olive) 0.5% Mitsugu Shibuya (Independent) Takayuki Akutsu (Worker) 0.2% | |
| Shigefumi Matsuzawa | Your Party | ||||
| Sayaka Sasaki | Komeito | ||||
| Hiroe Makiyama | Constitutional Democratic | ||||
| Niigata | 1 | Ichiro Tsukada | Liberal Democratic | Sakura Uchikoshi (I - CDP) 50.5% Ichiro Tsukada (LDP) 46.4% Tadafumi Kojima (NHK) 3.2% | |
| Naoki Kazama | Constitutional Democratic | ||||
| Toyama | 1 | Shigeru Dōko | Liberal Democratic | Shigeru Doko (LDP) 66.7% Masae Nishio (DPP) 33.3% | |
| Ishikawa | 1 | Shūji Yamada | Liberal Democratic | Shuji Yamada (LDP) 67.2% Toru Tanabe (DPP) 32.8% | |
| Fukui | 1 | Hirofumi Takinami | Liberal Democratic | Hirofumi Takinami (LDP) 66.1% Kazuo Yamada (JCP) 26.2% Masami Shimatani (NHK) 7.7% | |
| Yamanashi | 1 | Hiroshi Moriya | Liberal Democratic | Hiroshi Moriya (LDP) 53.0% Tomoko Ichiki (Independent) 43.2% Keiji Ino (NHK) 3.8% | |
| Nagano | 1 | Hiromi Yoshida | Liberal Democratic | Yuichiro Hata (DPP) 55.1% Hiroshi Komatsu (LDP) 39.5% Takashi Furuya (NHK) 3.3% Yoshiaki Saito (Worker) 2.1% | |
| Yuichiro Hata | Constitutional Democratic | ||||
| Gifu | 1 | Yasutada Ōno | Liberal Democratic | Yasutada Ōno (LDP) 56.4% Shinichi Umemura (CDP) 36.1% Masahiko Sakamoto (NHK) 7.5% | |
| Shizuoka | 2 | Takao Makino | Liberal Democratic | Takao Makino (LDP) 38.5% Kazuya Shimba (DPP) 29.4% Iehiro Tokugawa (CDP) 19.9% Chika Suzuki (JCP) 9.0% Koichi Hatayama (NHK) 3.2% | |
| Kazuya Shimba | Constitutional Democratic | ||||
| Aichi | 4 | Yasuyuki Sakai | Liberal Democratic | 1 seat added by reapportionment | Tsuneyuki Sakai (LDP) 25.7% Kohei Otsuka (DPP) 17.7% Maiko Taijima (CDP) 16.1% Nobuo Yasue (Komeito) 15.8% Maki Misaki (Nippon Ishin) 9.4% Hatsumi Suyama (JCP) 7.6% Yukari Suenaga (NHK) 3.0% Ryohei Hirayama (SDP) 1.5% Hitoshi Ishi (Independent) 1.1% Hiroyuki Ushida (Euthanasia) 0.9% Hitoshi Furukawa (Worker) 0.6% Tsutomu Hashimoto (Olive) 0.6% |
| Kohei Otsuka | Constitutional Democratic | ||||
| Michiyo Yakushiji | Your Party | ||||
| Mie | 1 | Yūmi Yoshikawa | Liberal Democratic | Yumi Yoshikawa (LDP) 50.3% Masahide Yoshino (Independent) 44.3% Kadota Setsuyo (NHK) 5.4% | |
| Western Japan | |||||
| Prefecture | Seats Up | Incumbents | Party | Result | Candidates (Party)
Vote share |
| Shiga | 1 | Takeshi Ninoyu | Liberal Democratic | Yukiko Kada (I-CDP) 49.4% Ninoyu Takeshi (LDP) 47.0% Osamu Hattori (NHK) 3.6% | |
| Kyoto | 2 | Shoji Nishida | Liberal Democratic | Shoji Nishida (LDP) 44.2% Akiko Kurabayashi (JCP) 25.8% Hiroko Masuhara (CDP) 24.4% Akihisa Yamada (NHK) 3.9% Takashi Mikami (Olive) 1.7% | |
| Akiko Kurabayashi | Constitutional Democratic | ||||
| Osaka | 4 | Tōru Azuma | Nippon Ishin | Mizuho Umemura (Nippon Ishin) 20.9% Toru Azuma (Nippon Ishin) 18.9% Hisatake Sugi (Komeito) 16.9% Fusae Ota (LDP) 16.0% Kotaro Tatsumi (JCP) 10.9% Michiko Kameishi (CDP) 10.2% Nishanta (DPP) 3.7% Takinori Ozaki (NHK) 1.2% Takeshi Hamada (Euthanasia) 0.4% Keigo Kazumori (HRP) 0.3% Mio Adachi (Olice) 0.3% Ichiro Sasaki (Worker 0.2%) | |
| Takuji Yanagimoto | Liberal Democratic | ||||
| Hisatake Sugi | Komeito | ||||
| Kotaro Tatsumi | Communist Party | ||||
| Hyōgo | 3 | Yoshitada Konoike | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Takayuki Shimizu | Nippon Ishin | ||||
| Nara | 1 | Iwao Horii | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Wakayama | 1 | Hiroshige Sekō | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Tottori-Shimane | 1 | Shōji Maitachi | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Okayama | 1 | Masahiro Ishii | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Hiroshima | 2 | Kensei Mizote | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Shinji Morimoto | Constitutional Democratic | ||||
| Yamaguchi | 1 | Yoshimasa Hayashi | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Tokushima | 1 | Tōru Miki | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Kagawa | 1 | Shingo Miyake | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Ehime | 1 | Takumi Ihara | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Kōchi | 1 | Kojiro Nakano | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Southern Japan | |||||
| Prefecture | Seats Up | Incumbents | Party | Result | Candidates (Party)
Vote share |
| Fukuoka | 3 | Masaji Matsuyama | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Kuniyoshi Noda | Constitutional Democratic | ||||
| Saga | 1 | Yūhei Yamashita | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Nagasaki | 1 | Yūichirō Koga | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Kumamoto | 1 | Seishi Baba | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Ōita | 1 | Yōsuke Isozaki | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Miyazaki | 1 | Makoto Nagamine | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Kagoshima | 1 | Hidehisa Otsuji | Liberal Democratic | ||
| Okinawa | 1 | Keiko Itokazu | Okinawa SM Party | ||
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ NHK kaisetsu blog archive, 19 July 2018: 「参院定数６増 比例特定枠導入～選挙制度改革行方は」（時論公論）
- ^ MIC, electoral system news, 24 October 2018: 参議院議員選挙制度の改正について
- ^ "Forces seeking to change Japan's Constitution to lose 2/3 majority in upper house". July 22, 2019 – via Mainichi Daily News.
- ^ "Abe wins upper house poll but suffers constitutional reform setback". Kyodo News+.
- ^ e-gov legal database: 公職選挙法 Archived 2016-07-29 at the Wayback Machine, chapter 5 (election dates), article 32 (regular elections)
- ^ a b House of Councillors: Members Strength of the Political Groups in the House (only caucus totals and female members; full Japanese version partitioned by class/end of term and election segment 会派別所属議員数一覧)
- ^ Hisanaga, Ryuichi (29 May 2018). "LDP compiles plan to revise Upper House election system". Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 30 May 2018.[permanent dead link]
